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      Deporte: modificaciones fisiológicas y evaluación para la prevención de la muerte súbita (Parte II). Corazón del deportista Translated title: Esporte: modificações fisiológicas e avaliação para prevenção de morte súbita (Parte II). Coração do esportista Translated title: Sport: physiological modifications and evaluation for the prevention of sudden death (Part II). Athlete`s heart

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          Abstract

          Resumen: La práctica de deporte regular ha demostrado ser beneficiosa para la salud y prolongar la vida, tanto en personas sanas como en aquellas con patología cardiovascular (CV), a cualquier edad. También es verdad que aumenta el riesgo de morir en forma súbita. Recientemente, ha surgido evidencia de que el exceso puede ser nocivo y se está investigando. En los deportistas hay adaptaciones del aparato CV que pueden confundirse con anormalidades; por otra parte, existen patologías CV que progresan más rápido con el ejercicio y en las personas con alteraciones asintomáticas, el ejercicio puede desencadenar eventos adversos. La valoración predeportiva ha demostrado prevenir la muerte súbita. Para no efectuar diagnósticos erróneos que afecten la vida de los deportistas, es necesario conocer las adaptaciones clínicas, electrocardiográficas y anatómicas que se consideran normales y usar pautas precisas internacionales. En esta segunda entrega se valoran los aspectos relacionados al corazón del deportista, profundizando en el diagnóstico diferencial entre adaptación fisiológica y patología.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: A prática de esportes regulares tem se mostrado benéfica para a saúde e prolonga a vida, em pessoas saudáveis e com doenças cardiovasculares, em qualquer idade. Também é verdade que aumenta o risco de morrer repentinamente. Recentemente, surgiram evidências de que o excesso pode ser prejudicial e estão sendo investigadas. Nos atletas há adaptações do aparelho cardiovascular que podem ser confundidas com anormalidades; por outro lado, existem patologias cardiovasculares que progridem mais rapidamente com o exercício e em pessoas com distúrbios assintomáticos, o exercício pode desencadear eventos adversos. A avaliação pré-esporte demonstrou prevenir a morte súbita. Para não se fazer diagnósticos errôneos que afetam a vida dos atletas é necessário conhecer as adaptações clínicas, eletrocardiográficas e anatômicas consideradas normais e utilizar diretrizes internacionais precisas. Nesta segunda edição, serão avaliados os aspectos relacionados ao coração do atleta, aprofundando-se no diagnóstico diferencial entre adaptação fisiológica e patologia.

          Translated abstract

          Summary: The practice of regular sports has proven to be beneficial for health, and prolong life, both in healthy people and in those with cardiovascular disease, at any age. It is also true that it increases the risk of dying suddenly. Evidence has recently emerged that excess could be harmful and is being investigated. In athletes there are adaptations of the cardiovascular apparatus, which can be confused with abnormalities; on the other hand, there are cardiovascular pathologies that progress faster with exercise, and in people with asymptomatic disorders, exercise can trigger adverse events. Pre-sport assessment has been shown to prevent sudden death. In order not to make erroneous diagnoses that affect the lives of athletes, it is necessary to know the clinical, electrocardiographic and anatomical adaptations that are considered normal and to use precise international guidelines. In this second installment, the aspects related to the athlete’s heart will be evaluated, delving into the differential diagnosis between physiological adaptation and pathology.

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          Most cited references29

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          The athlete's heart. A meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function.

          It has been postulated that depending on the type of exercise performed, 2 different morphological forms of athlete's heart may be distinguished: a strength-trained heart and an endurance-trained heart. Individual studies have not tested this hypothesis satisfactorily. The hypothesis of divergent cardiac adaptations in endurance-trained and strength-trained athletes was tested by applying meta-analytical techniques with the assumption of a random study effects model incorporating all published echocardiographic data on structure and function of male athletes engaged in purely dynamic (running) or static (weight lifting, power lifting, bodybuilding, throwing, wrestling) sports and combined dynamic and static sports (cycling and rowing). The analysis encompassed 59 studies and 1451 athletes. The overall mean relative left ventricular wall thickness of control subjects (0.36 mm) was significantly smaller than that of endurance-trained athletes (0.39 mm, P=0.001), combined endurance- and strength-trained athletes (0.40 mm, P=0.001), or strength-trained athletes (0.44 mm, P<0.001). There was a significant difference between the 3 groups of athletes and control subjects with respect to left ventricular internal diameter (P<0. 001), posterior wall thickness (P<0.001), and interventricular septum thickness (P<0.001). In addition, endurance-trained athletes and strength-trained athletes differed significantly with respect to mean relative wall thickness (0.39 versus 0.44, P=0.006) and interventricular septum thickness (10.5 versus 11.8 mm, P=0.005) and showed a trend toward a difference with respect to posterior wall thickness (10.3 versus 11.0 mm, P=0.078) and left ventricular internal diameter (53.7 versus 52.1 mm, P=0.055). With respect to cardiac function, there were no significant differences between athletes and control subjects in left ventricular ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and E/A ratio. Results of this meta-analysis regarding athlete's heart confirm the hypothesis of divergent cardiac adaptations in dynamic and static sports. Overall, athlete's heart demonstrated normal systolic and diastolic cardiac functions.
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            Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program.

            A nationwide systematic preparticipation athletic screening was introduced in Italy in 1982. The impact of such a program on prevention of sudden cardiovascular death in the athlete remains to be determined. To analyze trends in incidence rates and cardiovascular causes of sudden death in young competitive athletes in relation to preparticipation screening. A population-based study of trends in sudden cardiovascular death in athletic and nonathletic populations aged 12 to 35 years in the Veneto region of Italy between 1979 and 2004. A parallel study examined trends in cardiovascular causes of disqualification from competitive sports in 42,386 athletes undergoing preparticipation screening at the Center for Sports Medicine in Padua (22,312 in the early screening period [1982-1992] and 20,074 in the late screening period [1993-2004]). Incidence trends of total cardiovascular and cause-specific sudden death in screened athletes and unscreened nonathletes of the same age range over a 26-year period. During the study period, 55 sudden cardiovascular deaths occurred in screened athletes (1.9 deaths/100,000 person-years) and 265 sudden deaths in unscreened nonathletes (0.79 deaths/100,000 person-years). The annual incidence of sudden cardiovascular death in athletes decreased by 89% (from 3.6/100,000 person-years in 1979-1980 to 0.4/100,000 person-years in 2003-2004; P for trend < .001), whereas the incidence of sudden death among the unscreened nonathletic population did not change significantly. The mortality decline started after mandatory screening was implemented and persisted to the late screening period. Compared with the prescreening period (1979-1981), the relative risk of sudden cardiovascular death in athletes was 0.56 in the early screening period (95% CI, 0.29-1.15; P = .04) and 0.21 in the late screening period (95% CI, 0.09-0.48; P = .001). Most of the reduced mortality was due to fewer cases of sudden death from cardiomyopathies (from 1.50/100,000 person-years in the prescreening period to 0.15/100,000 person-years in the late screening period; P for trend = .002). During the study period, 879 athletes (2.0%) were disqualified from competition due to cardiovascular causes at the Center for Sports Medicine: 455 (2.0%) in the early screening period and 424 (2.1%) in the late screening period. The proportion of athletes who were disqualified for cardiomyopathies increased from 20 (4.4%) of 455 in the early screening period to 40 (9.4%) of 424 in the late screening period (P = .005). The incidence of sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes has substantially declined in the Veneto region of Italy since the introduction of a nationwide systematic screening. Mortality reduction was predominantly due to a lower incidence of sudden death from cardiomyopathies that paralleled the increasing identification of athletes with cardiomyopathies at preparticipation screening.
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              Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure time sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis: position statement of the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC)

              Myocardial diseases are associated with an increased risk of potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death/cardiac arrest during exercise, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, left ventricular non-compaction, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, and myo-pericarditis. Practicing cardiologists and sport physicians are required to identify high-risk individuals harbouring these cardiac diseases in a timely fashion in the setting of preparticipation screening or medical consultation and provide appropriate advice regarding the participation in competitive sport activities and/or regular exercise programmes. Many asymptomatic (or mildly symptomatic) patients with cardiomyopathies aspire to participate in leisure-time and amateur sport activities to take advantage of the multiple benefits of a physically active lifestyle. In 2005, The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) published recommendations for participation in competitive sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies and myo-pericarditis. One decade on, these recommendations are partly obsolete given the evolving knowledge of the diagnosis, management and treatment of cardiomyopathies and myo-pericarditis. The present document, therefore, aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the most updated recommendations for practicing cardiologists and sport physicians managing athletes with cardiomyopathies and myo-pericarditis and provides pragmatic advice for safe participation in competitive sport at professional and amateur level, as well as in a variety of recreational physical activities.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ruc
                Revista Uruguaya de Cardiología
                Rev.Urug.Cardiol.
                Sociedad Uruguaya de Cardiología (Montevideo, , Uruguay )
                0797-0048
                1688-0420
                December 2020
                : 35
                : 3
                : 173-190
                Affiliations
                [3] Montevideo orgnameSecretaría Nacional de Deporte orgdiv1Gol al Futuro Uruguay
                [5] Montevideo orgnameAsociación Española Uruguay
                [2] Montevideo orgnameMUCAM orgdiv1Instituto de Cardiología Integral Uruguay
                [1] Montevideo orgnameHospital de Clínicas orgdiv1Centro Cardiovascular Universitario Uruguay
                [4] Montevideo orgnameServicio Médico Integral Uruguay
                Article
                S1688-04202020000300173 S1688-0420(20)03500300173
                10.29277/cardio.35.3.12
                f6a530cf-9fc3-45cc-a6d9-750e5689b584

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 September 2019
                : 20 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 18
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay

                Categories
                Artículo de Revisión

                Sport,Avaliaçao pré-esportes,Athlete`s heart,Coraçao do esportista,Esporte,Corazón de atleta,Pre-sport assessment,Valoración predeportiva,Deporte

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