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      Strategies to Improve the Clinical Outcomes for Direct-to-Consumer Pharmacogenomic Tests

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          Abstract

          Direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC-GT) have become a bridge between marketing and traditional healthcare services. After earning FDA endorsement for such facilities, several fast-developing companies started to compete in the related area. Pharmacogenomic (PGx) tests have been introduced as potentially one of the main medical services of such companies. Most of the individuals will be interested in finding out about the phenotypic consequences of their genetic variants and molecular risk factors against diverse medicines they take or will take later. Direct-to-consumer pharmacogenomic tests (DTC-PT) is still in its young age, however it is expected to expand rapidly through the industry in the future. The result of PGx tests could be considered as the main road toward the implementation of personalized and precision medicine in the clinic. This narrative critical review study provides a descriptive overview on DTC-GT, then focuses on DTC-PT, and also introduces and suggests the potential approaches for improving the clinical related outcomes of such tests on healthcare systems.

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          Most cited references47

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          CPIC: Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium of the Pharmacogenomics Research Network.

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            Pharmacogenomics in the clinic.

            After decades of discovery, inherited variations have been identified in approximately 20 genes that affect about 80 medications and are actionable in the clinic. And some somatically acquired genetic variants direct the choice of 'targeted' anticancer drugs for individual patients. Current efforts that focus on the processes required to appropriately act on pharmacogenomic variability in the clinic are moving away from discovery and towards implementation of an evidenced-based strategy for improving the use of medications, thereby providing a cornerstone for precision medicine.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Genes (Basel)
                Genes (Basel)
                genes
                Genes
                MDPI
                2073-4425
                03 March 2021
                March 2021
                : 12
                : 3
                : 361
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; wojciech.miltyk@ 123456umb.edu.pl
                [2 ]Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
                [3 ]Department of Population Medicine and Civilization Diseases Prevention, Faculty of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry and Division of Medical Education in English, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; rama.guggilla@ 123456umb.edu.pl
                [4 ]Department of Pathology and Medical Laboratory, Shohada Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Behshahr 4851613185, Iran; 00zahra.kaamel00@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0344-9941
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7486-5977
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1887-4542
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5150-6093
                Article
                genes-12-00361
                10.3390/genes12030361
                7999840
                33802585
                f6ab022f-f224-4a0e-9a6f-53c0ceb4094f
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 13 January 2021
                : 27 February 2021
                Categories
                Review

                direct-to-consumer pharmacogenomic tests,clinical related outcome,personalized medicine

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