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      Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Fuel Cell Benchmarked Against US DOE 2017 Technical Targets

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          Abstract

          Chemically modified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with varying degrees of functionalization were utilized for the fabrication of SWNT thin film catalyst support layers (CSLs) in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which were suitable for benchmarking against the US DOE 2017 targets. Use of the optimum level of SWNT -COOH functionality allowed the construction of a prototype SWNT-based PEMFC with total Pt loading of 0.06 mg Pt/cm 2 - well below the value of 0.125 mg Pt/cm 2 set as the US DOE 2017 technical target for total Pt group metals (PGM) loading. This prototype PEMFC also approaches the technical target for the total Pt content per kW of power (<0.125 g PGM/kW) at cell potential 0.65 V: a value of 0.15 g Pt/kW was achieved at 80°C/22 psig testing conditions, which was further reduced to 0.12 g Pt/kW at 35 psig back pressure.

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          High-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction derived from polyaniline, iron, and cobalt.

          Gang Wu, Karren More, Christina Johnston … (2011)
          The prohibitive cost of platinum for catalyzing the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has hampered the widespread use of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. We describe a family of non-precious metal catalysts that approach the performance of platinum-based systems at a cost sustainable for high-power fuel cell applications, possibly including automotive power. The approach uses polyaniline as a precursor to a carbon-nitrogen template for high-temperature synthesis of catalysts incorporating iron and cobalt. The most active materials in the group catalyze the ORR at potentials within ~60 millivolts of that delivered by state-of-the-art carbon-supported platinum, combining their high activity with remarkable performance stability for non-precious metal catalysts (700 hours at a fuel cell voltage of 0.4 volts) as well as excellent four-electron selectivity (hydrogen peroxide yield <1.0%).
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            Pd-Pt bimetallic nanodendrites with high activity for oxygen reduction.

            Byungkwon Lim, Majiong Jiang, Pedro Camargo … (2009)
            Controlling the morphology of Pt nanostructures can provide a great opportunity to improve their catalytic properties and increase their activity on a mass basis. We synthesized Pd-Pt bimetallic nanodendrites consisting of a dense array of Pt branches on a Pd core by reducing K2PtCl4 with L-ascorbic acid in the presence of uniform Pd nanocrystal seeds in an aqueous solution. The Pt branches supported on faceted Pd nanocrystals exhibited relatively large surface areas and particularly active facets toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the rate-determining step in a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell. The Pd-Pt nanodendrites were two and a half times more active on the basis of equivalent Pt mass for the ORR than the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst and five times more active than the first-generation supportless Pt-black catalyst.
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              Polyelectrolyte functionalized carbon nanotubes as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction.

              Shuangyin Wang, D. Yu, Liming Dai (2011)
              Having a strong electron-withdrawing ability, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) was used to create net positive charge for carbon atoms in the nanotube carbon plane via intermolecular charge transfer. The resultant PDDA functionalized/adsorbed carbon nanotubes (CNTs), either in an aligned or nonaligned form, were demonstrated to act as metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells with similar performance as Pt catalysts. The adsorption-induced intermolecular charge-transfer should provide a general approach to various carbon-based efficient metal-free ORR catalysts for oxygen reduction in fuel cells, and even new catalytic materials for applications beyond fuel cells. © 2011 American Chemical Society
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 July 2013
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Volume: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2257
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California – Riverside, Riverside , California 92521, USA
                [2 ]Carbon Solutions Inc. , 1200 Columbia Ave., Riverside, California 92507 USA
                [3 ]Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California - Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, USA
                [4 ]Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: srep02257
                DOI: 10.1038/srep02257
                PMC ID: 3719071
                PubMed ID: 23877112
                SO-VID: f6b91683-826b-4a03-9363-80ac051930c1
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013, Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

                History
                Date received : 28 March 2013
                Date accepted : 27 June 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Article

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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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