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      Increased Hippocampus–Medial Prefrontal Cortex Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Memory Function after Tai Chi Chuan Practice in Elder Adults

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          Abstract

          Previous studies provide evidence that aging is associated with the decline of memory function and alterations in the hippocampal (HPC) function, including functional connectivity to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In this study, we investigated if longitudinal (12-week) Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin practice can improve memory function and modulate HPC resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC). Memory function measurements and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) were applied at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The results showed that (1) the memory quotient (MQ) measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale-Chinese Revision significantly increased after Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin practice as compared with the control group, and no significant difference was observed in MQ between the Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin groups; (2) rs-FC between the bilateral hippocampus and mPFC significantly increased in the Tai Chi Chuan group compared to the control group (also in the Baduanjin group compared to the control group, albeit at a lower threshold), and no significant difference between the Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin groups was observed; (3) rs-FC increases between the bilateral hippocampus and mPFC were significantly associated with corresponding memory function improvement across all subjects. Similar results were observed using the left or right hippocampus as seeds. Our results suggest that both Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin may be effective exercises to prevent memory decline during aging.

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          Most cited references56

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          The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory.

          Finding one's way around an environment and remembering the events that occur within it are crucial cognitive abilities that have been linked to the hippocampus and medial temporal lobes. Our review of neuropsychological, behavioral, and neuroimaging studies of human hippocampal involvement in spatial memory concentrates on three important concepts in this field: spatial frameworks, dimensionality, and orientation and self-motion. We also compare variation in hippocampal structure and function across and within species. We discuss how its spatial role relates to its accepted role in episodic memory. Five related studies use virtual reality to examine these two types of memory in ecologically valid situations. While processing of spatial scenes involves the parahippocampus, the right hippocampus appears particularly involved in memory for locations within an environment, with the left hippocampus more involved in context-dependent episodic or autobiographical memory.
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            Interplay of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in memory.

            Recent studies on the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex have considerably advanced our understanding of the distinct roles of these brain areas in the encoding and retrieval of memories, and of how they interact in the prolonged process by which new memories are consolidated into our permanent storehouse of knowledge. These studies have led to a new model of how the hippocampus forms and replays memories and how the prefrontal cortex engages representations of the meaningful contexts in which related memories occur, as well as how these areas interact during memory retrieval. Furthermore, they have provided new insights into how interactions between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex support the assimilation of new memories into pre-existing networks of knowledge, called schemas, and how schemas are modified in this process as the foundation of memory consolidation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              The hippocampus and memory: insights from spatial processing.

              The hippocampus appears to be crucial for long-term episodic memory, yet its precise role remains elusive. Electrophysiological studies in rodents offer a useful starting point for developing models of hippocampal processing in the spatial domain. Here we review one such model that points to an essential role for the hippocampus in the construction of mental images. We explain how this neural-level mechanistic account addresses some of the current controversies in the field, such as the role of the hippocampus in imagery and short-term memory, and discuss its broader implications for the neural bases of episodic memory.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Aging Neurosci
                Front Aging Neurosci
                Front. Aging Neurosci.
                Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1663-4365
                16 February 2016
                2016
                : 8
                : 25
                Affiliations
                [1] 1College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou, China
                [2] 2Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation of Technology , Fuzhou, China
                [3] 3Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
                [4] 4The School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
                [5] 5Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Gemma Casadesus, Kent State University, USA

                Reviewed by: Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico; Manuel De Vega, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain; Xiaochu Zhang, University of Science and Technology of China, China

                *Correspondence: Lidian Chen, cld@ 123456fjtcm.edu.cn ; Jian Kong, kongj@ 123456nmr.mgh.harvard.edu
                Article
                10.3389/fnagi.2016.00025
                4754402
                26909038
                f6d7e3b3-43ee-4184-b198-27e0ed3dafe6
                Copyright © 2016 Tao, Liu, Egorova, Chen, Sun, Xue, Huang, Zheng, Wang, Chen and Kong.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 16 September 2015
                : 01 February 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 74, Pages: 9, Words: 7233
                Funding
                Funded by: The Special Scientific Research Fund of Public Welfare Profession of China
                Award ID: No. 201307004
                Funded by: National Rehabilitation Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine
                Award ID: No. X2012007-Collaboration
                Funded by: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health 10.13039/100008460
                Award ID: R01AT006364, R01AT008563, R21AT008707 (NIH/NCCIH), P01 AT006663 (NIH/NCCIH)
                Funded by: Fujian Rehabilitation Tech Co-Innovation Center
                Award ID: No: X2012007-Collaboration
                Funded by: Fujian Provincial Rehabilitation Industrial Institution
                Award ID: No: X2012007-Collaboration
                Funded by: Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China 10.13039/501100002855
                Award ID: No: 201307004
                Funded by: Ministry of Finance 10.13039/501100005045
                Award ID: No: 201307004
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Original Research

                Neurosciences
                tai chi chuan exercise,baduanjin exercise,memory function,aging,hippocampus,medial prefrontal cortex

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