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      Tributyltin—critical pollutant in whole water samples—development of traceable measurement methods for monitoring under the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC

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          Organotin compounds in the environment — an overview

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            Case study: bioavailability of tin and tin compounds.

            H W RUDEL (2003)
            This article reviews the literature related to the bioavailability of tin, inorganic tin compounds, and organotin compounds. On the one hand, the toxicity of metallic tin and inorganic tin compounds is low. In aqueous systems, the potential bioavailability of tin seems to depend on the concentration of the truly dissolved ion species. Some studies suggest that tin is an essential trace element for humans. However, organotin compounds have been proven to be of toxicological relevance. Triorganotin compounds are particularly toxic explaining their wide use as biocides (e.g., in antifouling paints or pesticides). Persistence of organotin compounds is governed by moderate to fast aerobic biotic degradation processes, slow anaerobic biotic degradation, slow abiotic degradation by photolysis, and fast, but reversible, adsorption/desorption processes. Organotin compounds are ubiquitously distributed in aquatic organisms. Bioconcentration in organisms and ecotoxicity are dependent on the bioavailable fraction. The bioavailability is highest at neutral and slightly alkaline pH and is reduced in the presence of dissolved organic carbon. The biomagnification of organotin compounds via the food chain is of minor importance compared with the bioconcentration from the water phase.
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              Needs for reliable analytical methods for monitoring chemical pollutants in surface water under the European Water Framework Directive.

              The state of the art in monitoring chemical pollutants to assess water quality status according to Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the challenges associated with it have been reviewed. The article includes information on environmental quality standards (EQSs) proposed to protect the aquatic environment and humans against hazardous substances and the resulting monitoring requirements. Furthermore, minimum performance criteria for analytical methods and quality assurance issues have been discussed. The result of a survey of existing standard methods with a focus on European (EN) and international standards (ISO) for the analysis of chemical pollutants in water is reported and the applicability of those methods for the purpose of compliance checking with EQSs is examined. Approximately 75% of the 41 hazardous substances for which Europe-wide EQSs have been proposed can be reliably monitored in water with acceptable uncertainty when applying existing standardised methods. Monitoring in water encounters difficulties for some substances, e.g., short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tributyltin compounds, certain organochlorine pesticides and six-ring PAHs, mainly due to a lack of validated, sufficiently sensitive methods that are applicable in routine laboratory conditions. As WFD requires monitoring of unfiltered samples for organic contaminants more attention needs to be paid to the distribution of chemical pollutants between suspended particulate matter and the liquid phase. Methods allowing complete extraction of organic contaminants from whole water samples are required. From a quality assurance point of view, there is a need to organise interlaboratory comparisons specifically designed to the requirements of WFD (concentrations around EQSs, representative water samples) as well as field trials to compare sampling methodologies. Additional analytical challenges may arise when Member States have identified their river basin specific pollutants and after revision of the list of priority substances.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Environmental Science and Pollution Research
                Environ Sci Pollut Res
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                0944-1344
                1614-7499
                July 2015
                May 5 2015
                July 2015
                : 22
                : 13
                : 9589-9594
                Article
                10.1007/s11356-015-4614-4
                f6e3854b-6822-46c1-99e7-4001d00b1f5a
                © 2015

                http://www.springer.com/tdm

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