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      A Review of Accelerometry-Based Wearable Motion Detectors for Physical Activity Monitoring

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          Abstract

          Characteristics of physical activity are indicative of one’s mobility level, latent chronic diseases and aging process. Accelerometers have been widely accepted as useful and practical sensors for wearable devices to measure and assess physical activity. This paper reviews the development of wearable accelerometry-based motion detectors. The principle of accelerometry measurement, sensor properties and sensor placements are first introduced. Various research using accelerometry-based wearable motion detectors for physical activity monitoring and assessment, including posture and movement classification, estimation of energy expenditure, fall detection and balance control evaluation, are also reviewed. Finally this paper reviews and compares existing commercial products to provide a comprehensive outlook of current development status and possible emerging technologies.

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          Status of implementation of Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in Ghana: a qualitative study

          Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Ann McNeill, Sarah Lewis … (2010)
          Background The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), a World Health Organization treaty, has now been ratified by over 165 countries. However there are concerns that implementing the Articles of the treaty may prove difficult, particularly in the developing world. In this study we have used qualitative methods to explore the extent to which the FCTC has been implemented in Ghana, a developing country that was 39th to ratify the FCTC, and identify barriers to effective FCTC implementation in low income countries. Methods Semi-structured interviews with 20 members of the national steering committee for tobacco control in Ghana, the official multi-disciplinary team with responsibility for tobacco control advocacy and policy formulation, were conducted. The Framework method for analysis and NVivo software were used to identify key issues relating to the awareness of the FCTC and the key challenges and achievements in Ghana to date. Results Interviewees had good knowledge of the content of the FCTC, and reported that although Ghana had no explicitly written policy on tobacco control, the Ministry of Health had issued several tobacco control directives before and since ratification. A national tobacco control bill has been drafted but has not been implemented. Challenges identified included the absence of a legal framework for implementing the FCTC, and a lack of adequate resources and prioritisation of tobacco control efforts, leading to slow implementation of the treaty. Conclusion Whilst Ghana has ratified the FCTC, there is an urgent need for action to pass a national tobacco control bill into law to enable it to implement the treaty, sustain tobacco control efforts and prevent Ghana's further involvement in the global tobacco epidemic.
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            A physiological profile approach to falls risk assessment and prevention.

            Stephen R Lord, Hylton B. Menz, Anne Tiedemann (2003)
            The purpose of this perspective article is to describe the use of a physiological profile approach to falls risk assessment and prevention that has been developed by the Falls and Balance Research Group of the Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Sydney, Australia. The profile's use for people with a variety of factors that put them at risk for falls is discussed. The Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) involves a series of simple tests of vision, peripheral sensation, muscle force, reaction time, and postural sway. The tests can be administered quickly, and all equipment needed is portable. The results can be used to differentiate people who are at risk for falls ("fallers") from people who are not at risk for falls ("nonfallers"). A computer program using data from the PPA can be used to assess an individual's performance in relation to a normative database so that deficits can be targeted for intervention. The PPA provides valid and reliable measurements that can be used for assessing falls risk and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions and is suitable for use in a range of physical therapy and health care settings.
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              The technology of accelerometry-based activity monitors: current and future.

              Kong Y Chen, David R Bassett (2005)
              This paper reviews accelerometry-based activity monitors, including single-site first-generation devices, emerging technologies, and analytical approaches to predict energy expenditure, with suggestions for further research and development. The physics and measurement principles of the accelerometer are described, including the sensor properties, data collections, filtering, and integration analyses. The paper also compares these properties in several commonly used single-site accelerometers. The emerging accelerometry technologies introduced include the multisensor arrays and the combination of accelerometers with physiological sensors. The outputs of accelerometers are compared with criterion measures of energy expenditure (indirect calorimeters and double-labeled water) to develop mathematical models (linear, nonlinear, and variability approaches). The technologies of the sensor and data processing directly influence the results of the outcome measurement (activity counts and energy expenditure predictions). Multisite assessment and combining accelerometers with physiological measures may offer additional advantages. Nonlinear approaches to predict energy expenditure using accelerometer outputs from multiple sites and orientation can enhance accuracy. The development of portable accelerometers has made objective assessments of physical activity possible. Future technological improvements will include examining raw acceleration signals and developing advanced models for accurate energy expenditure predictions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date Collection: 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 August 2010
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 7772-7788
                Affiliations
                Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University / 135, Yuan-Tung Rd., Chung-Li, 32003, Taiwan; E-Mail: s958702@ 123456mail.yzu.edu.tw
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: mehsu@ 123456saturn.yzu.edu.tw ; Tel.: +886-3-4638800 ext. 2206, 2459; Fax: +886-3-4558013.
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-10-07772
                DOI: 10.3390/s100807772
                PMC ID: 3231187
                PubMed ID: 22163626
                SO-VID: f6e47740-de6b-4f97-b710-04f37a796ff0
                Copyright © © 2010 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 15 July 2010
                Date revision received : 2 August 2010
                Date accepted : 16 August 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: accelerometer,physical activity,fall detection,gait,energy expenditure,accelerometry,human motion
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: accelerometer, physical activity, fall detection, gait, energy expenditure, accelerometry, human motion

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