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      The evolution of parental care diversity in amphibians

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          Abstract

          Parental care is extremely diverse across species, ranging from simple behaviours to complex adaptations, varying in duration and in which sex cares. Surprisingly, we know little about how such diversity has evolved. Here, using phylogenetic comparative methods and data for over 1300 amphibian species, we show that egg attendance, arguably one of the simplest care behaviours, is gained and lost faster than any other care form, while complex adaptations, like brooding and viviparity, are lost at very low rates, if at all. Prolonged care from the egg to later developmental stages evolves from temporally limited care, but it is as easily lost as it is gained. Finally, biparental care is evolutionarily unstable regardless of whether the parents perform complementary or similar care duties. By considering the full spectrum of parental care adaptations, our study reveals a more complex and nuanced picture of how care evolves, is maintained, or is lost.

          Abstract

          Parental care can take many forms but how this diversity arises is not well understood. Here, the authors compile data for over 1300 amphibian species and show that different forms of care evolve at different rates, prolonged care can be easily reduced, and biparental care is evolutionarily unstable.

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          Most cited references58

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          Detecting Correlated Evolution on Phylogenies: A General Method for the Comparative Analysis of Discrete Characters

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            The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians

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              Bayesian analysis of correlated evolution of discrete characters by reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo.

              We describe a Bayesian method for investigating correlated evolution of discrete binary traits on phylogenetic trees. The method fits a continuous-time Markov model to a pair of traits, seeking the best fitting models that describe their joint evolution on a phylogeny. We employ the methodology of reversible-jump (RJ) Markov chain Monte Carlo to search among the large number of possible models, some of which conform to independent evolution of the two traits, others to correlated evolution. The RJ Markov chain visits these models in proportion to their posterior probabilities, thereby directly estimating the support for the hypothesis of correlated evolution. In addition, the RJ Markov chain simultaneously estimates the posterior distributions of the rate parameters of the model of trait evolution. These posterior distributions can be used to test among alternative evolutionary scenarios to explain the observed data. All results are integrated over a sample of phylogenetic trees to account for phylogenetic uncertainty. We implement the method in a program called RJ Discrete and illustrate it by analyzing the question of whether mating system and advertisement of estrus by females have coevolved in the Old World monkeys and great apes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                A.I.Furness@hull.ac.uk
                I.Capellini@qub.ac.uk
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                17 October 2019
                17 October 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 4709
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0412 8669, GRID grid.9481.4, Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, , University of Hull, ; Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0412 8669, GRID grid.9481.4, Energy and Environment Institute, , University of Hull, ; Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0374 7521, GRID grid.4777.3, School of Biological Sciences, , Queen’s University Belfast, ; 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7596-9623
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8065-2436
                Article
                12608
                10.1038/s41467-019-12608-5
                6797795
                31624263
                f70ba8bf-0f35-4108-bf2e-a7334fe4f568
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 17 December 2018
                : 17 September 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100009510, University of Hull (HU);
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Uncategorized
                evolutionary ecology,social evolution,animal behaviour,herpetology
                Uncategorized
                evolutionary ecology, social evolution, animal behaviour, herpetology

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