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      The association between visa insecurity and mental health, disability and social engagement in refugees living in Australia Translated title: La asociación entre la inseguridad de la visa y la salud mental, la discapacidad y la participación social en los refugiados que viven en Australia Translated title: 居住在澳大利亚的难民的签证不安全与心理健康, 残疾和社会参与之间的联系

      research-article
      a , a , b , c , d , a , a , a , a , a , a , e , a , f
      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      Psychological trauma, depression, suicide, refugees, visa status, social engagement, Trastorno de estrés postraumático, Depresión, Suicidio, Refugiados, Estatus de la visa, Participación social, 创伤后应激障碍; 抑郁; 自杀; 难民; 签证身份; 社会参与, • Little is known about the mental health impact of prolonged insecurity in people from a refugee background.• We investigated mental health, social engagement and disability in a sample of 1085 refugees with secure and insecure visa status.• Refugees with insecure visa status reported greater PTSD symptoms, depression symptoms and suicidality than those with secure visa status.• Refugees with insecure visa status who were active members of more social groups showed lower depression and suicidality than those who reported low group involvement.• The mental health effects of visa insecurity should be considered in service and policy development.

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: The vast majority of the world’s refugees and people seeking asylum live in a state of sustained displacement. Little is known, however, about the mental health impact of prolonged insecurity.

          Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between insecure visa status and mental health, suicidality, disability and social engagement in a sample of refugees and asylum-seekers living in Australia

          Method: Participants were 1,085 refugees with secure (i.e. permanent residency or Australian citizenship, n = 826, 76.1%) and insecure (i.e. asylum-seeker claim, bridging visa, temporary visa, n = 259, 23.9%) visa status who had arrived in Australia since January 2011, and were from Arabic, Farsi, Tamil or English-speaking backgrounds. Participants completed an online survey assessing pre- and post-migration experiences, mental health, disability and social engagement.

          Results: Results indicated that, after controlling for background factors, refugees with insecure visas had significantly greater PTSD symptoms, depression symptoms, thoughts of being better off dead and suicidal intent compared to those with secure visas. There were no group differences in disability. Refugees with insecure visas received support from significantly more groups in the Australian community than those with secure visas. Further, refugees with insecure visa status who had low group membership showed greater depression symptoms and suicidal intent than those with secure visa status who had low group membership.

          Conclusion: Findings highlight the negative mental health consequences of living in a state of protracted uncertainty for refugees and people seeking asylum, and the key role of social engagement in influencing mental health amongst insecure visa holders. Results also underscore the importance of designing and implementing policies and services that facilitate improved mental health for those with visa insecurity.

           

          Antecedentes: la mayoría de los refugiados del mundo y las personas que solicitan asilo viven en un estado de desplazamiento sostenido. Sin embargo, se conoce muy poco sobre el impacto en la salud mental de la inseguridad prolongada.

          Objetivo: este estudio investiga la asociación entre el estatus inseguro de la visa y la salud mental, la suicidalidad, la discapacidad y la participación social en una gran muestra de refugiados y solicitantes de asilo que viven en Australia.

          Metodología: Los participantes fueron 1.085 refugiados. Un grupo tenía un estatus seguro de la visa (como por ejemplo residencia permanente o ciudadanía australiana n=826, 76.1%) y otro grupo tenía un estatus inseguro de su visa (como por ejemplo solicitantes de asilo, visa puente 1 , visas temporales, n = 259, 23,9%). Los sujetos llegaron a Australia desde Enero de 2011, y eran de origen árabe, farsi, tamil o angloparlante. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario online que evaluaba las experiencias pre y post migración, salud mental, discapacidad y participación social.

          Resultados: Los resultados indican que después de controlar factores contextuales importantes, los refugiados con visas inseguras tuvieron síntomas de TEPT significativamente mayores (β=0.15, 95%; intervalo de confianza (IC) = 0,05-0,26), síntomas depresivos (β=0.22, 95% CI=0.069-0.34), pensamientos de estar mejor muerto (OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.26-2.89) e intentos suicidas (OR=2.41, 95% CI=1.03-5.62), comparados con aquellos que contaban con visas seguras. No existen diferencias entre grupos para la discapacidad. Los refugiados con visas inseguras recibieron el apoyo de muchos más grupos que aquellos que tenían visas seguras (Chi – cuadrado de Wald= 33.01, p <.001). Además, los refugiados con estatus de visa inseguro con baja pertenencia al grupo mostraron mayores síntomas de depresión (B=0.17, t=3.85, p <.001) e intentos suicidas que aquellos que tenían un estatus de visa seguro y una baja pertenencia a un grupo (B=−1.25, OR=0.29, p =0.006).

          Conclusión: Los resultados destacan las consecuencias negativas para la salud mental de vivir en un estado de incertidumbre prolongada para los refugiados y las personas que solicitan asilo, y el papel clave de la participación social para influir en la salud mental entre los titulares de visas inseguras. Los resultados también subrayan la importancia de diseñar e implementar políticas y servicios que faciliten una mejor salud mental para las personas con visas inseguras.

           

          背景:世界上大多数难民和寻求庇护者都处于持续流离失所的状态。然而,人们对于长期不安全感对精神健康的影响知之甚少。

          目标:本研究考查了大量居住在澳大利亚的难民和寻求庇护者的不安全签证身份与心理健康, 自杀, 残疾和社会参与之间的关系。

          方法:参与者为1,085名自2011年1月起从阿拉伯语, 波斯语, 泰米尔语或英语背景地区来到澳大利亚居住的难民,其中826名难民(76.1%)具有安全的签证身份(即永久居留权或澳大利亚公民身份),259名难民(23.9%)签证身份不安全(即寻求庇护者的申请, 过渡签证, 临时签证)。参与者完成了一项评估移民前后经历, 心理健康, 残疾和社会参与度的在线调查。

          结果:结果表明,在控制了重要的背景因素之后,相较于持有安全签证的难民,签证不安全的难民的PTSD症状(β= 0.15,95%置信区间(CI)= 0.05-0.26), 抑郁症状(β= 0.22,95%CI = 0.069 −0.34), 有不如死掉更好的想法(OR = 1.9,95%CI = 1.26-2.89)和自杀意向(OR = 2.41,95%CI = 1.03-5.62)显著更高。残疾方面没有组别差异。持有不安全签证的难民明显比持有安全签证的难民得到更多团体的支持(Wald卡方(1)= 33.01,p <.001)。此外,团体成员少, 持有不安全签证身份的难民表现出的抑郁症状(B = −1.25,t = 3.85,t = 3.85,p <.001)和自杀意向比团体成员少, 持有安全签证身份的难民更多(OR = 0.29,p = 0.006)。

          结论:调查结果突出表明了长期在不确定状态下生活对难民和寻求庇护者精神健康的负面影响,以及社会参与在影响持有不安全签证者心理健康的关键作用。结果还强调了设计, 实施有助于改善持有不安全签证者心理健康政策和服务的重要性。

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          Most cited references31

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Anxiety, depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: assocations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors.

          Research into the mental health of refugees has burgeoned in recent times, but there is a dearth of studies focusing specifically on the factors associated with psychiatric distress in asylum-seekers who have not been accorded residency status. Forty consecutive asylum-seekers attending a community resource centre in Sydney, Australia, were interviewed using structured instruments and questionnaires. Anxiety scores were associated with female gender, poverty, and conflict with immigration officials, while loneliness and boredom were linked with both anxiety and depression. Thirty subjects (79%) had experienced a traumatic event such as witnessing killings, being assaulted, or suffering torture and captivity, and 14 subjects (37%) met full criteria for PTSD. A diagnosis of PTSD was associated with greater exposure to pre-migration trauma, delays in processing refugee applications, difficulties in dealing with immigration officials, obstacles to employment, racial discrimination, and loneliness and boredom. Although based on correlational data derived from'a convenient' sample, our findings raise the possibility that current procedures for dealing with asylum-seekers may contribute to high levels of stress and psychiatric symptoms in those who have been previously traumatised.
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            Social capital and mental health: a comparative analysis of four low income countries.

            Women and the poor are disproportionately affected by common mental disorders (CMD), and women in low income countries are particularly at risk. Social capital may explain some of the geographical variation in CMD, but the association between social capital and CMD in low income countries has rarely been studied. This paper aims to explore the relationship between individual and ecological measures of social capital and maternal CMD in four low income countries. Cross-sectional data from the Young Lives (YL) study with information across 234 communities in Peru, Ethiopia, Vietnam and Andhra Pradesh (India) were used. The mental health of mothers of one-year-old children (n=6909), and the individual cognitive and structural social capital of all respondents was assessed. Ecological social capital was calculated by aggregating individual responses to the community level. Multi-level modelling was used to explore the association between individual and ecological (community level) social capital and maternal CMD in each of the four countries, adjusting for a wide range of individual and community level confounders. The analysis shows that individual cognitive social capital is associated with reduced odds of CMD across all four countries. The results for structural social capital are more mixed and culturally specific, with some aspects associated with increased odds of CMD. This suggests that structural social capital has context-specific effects and cognitive social capital more universal effects on maternal CMD.
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: found
              Is Open Access

              Challenging future, challenging past: the relationship of social integration and psychological impairment in traumatized refugees

              Background Refugees have been shown to present high prevalence rates of trauma-related mental disorders. Despite their psychological impairment, they are expected to meet high functional requirements in terms of social integration into, and financial independence from, the host society. Methods This cross-sectional study examined the relationship of mental health problems, post-migration living difficulties (PMLD), and social integration in a sample of 104 refugees seeking treatment for severe posttraumatic stress and comorbid symptoms in two outpatient clinics in Switzerland. Results Despite an average time of residence in Switzerland of over 10 years, participants showed poor integration and a high number of PMLD. Integration difficulties were closely associated with psychological symptoms, but not with socio-demographic parameters such as education or visa status. Conclusions Psychological impairment in treatment-seeking traumatized refugees is associated with poor integration. To foster social integration, it is crucial to better understand and address the specific needs of this highly vulnerable population.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                ZEPT
                zept20
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                2019
                15 December 2019
                : 10
                : 1
                : 1688129
                Affiliations
                [a ]School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney , Sydney, Australia
                [b ]Phoenix Australia, University of Melbourne , Carlton, Australia
                [c ]Australian Red Cross , North Melbourne, Australia
                [d ]Settlement Services International , Ashfield, Australia
                [e ]School of Psychology, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, Australia
                [f ]Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide, Australia
                Author notes
                CONTACT Angela Nickerson anickerson@ 123456psy.unsw.edu.au School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9171-4209
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4861-2220
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8036-5864
                Article
                1688129
                10.1080/20008198.2019.1688129
                6968544
                32002133
                f70cc941-3227-48d7-86a1-0576144e748e
                © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 June 2019
                : 30 September 2019
                : 01 October 2019
                Page count
                Tables: 4, References: 49, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: Australian Research Council Linkage Grant
                Award ID: LP160100670
                This study is funded by an Australian Research Council Linkage Grant [AN, MOD, VM, DB; LP160100670].
                Categories
                Basic Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                psychological trauma,depression,suicide,refugees,visa status,social engagement,trastorno de estrés postraumático,depresión,suicidio,refugiados,estatus de la visa,participación social,创伤后应激障碍; 抑郁; 自杀; 难民; 签证身份; 社会参与

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