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      Latitudinal and Longitudinal Trends of Seed Traits Indicate Adaptive Strategies of an Invasive Plant

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          Abstract

          Invasive plants may change their seed traits to adapt to the environment and facilitate their performance. Studies on variation in seed traits among populations of an invader along latitudes/longitudes may assist in revealing how invasive plants cope with variable climates. In this study, we collected seeds of 26 populations of the global invasive plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia along ranges spanning 23° latitudes and 20° longitudes that are highly correlated in its invasive range in China. We measured over 20 seed traits, including seed morphology, phytohormone, nutrients, and germination, and investigated how the climate along the latitudes affects those traits. We found that germination time was significantly delayed with increasing latitude and longitude, while the reversed patterns were true for the germination rate. From low to high latitude, seed size, abscisic acid, and fatty acid were increased, likely affecting seed germination. Our analysis further demonstrated that temperature is the dominant driver of the variability in seed traits and germination. Germination rates of larger seeds in cold ranges were lower, while smaller seeds from warm ranges germinated faster, likely indicating adaptive strategies of the invasive plant in seed trait functional ecology. Together, our findings provide new insights into understanding the seed adaptation strategies during the invasion process and the underlying physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved.

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              Two Faces of One Seed: Hormonal Regulation of Dormancy and Germination.

              Seed plants have evolved to maintain the dormancy of freshly matured seeds until the appropriate time for germination. Seed dormancy and germination are distinct physiological processes, and the transition from dormancy to germination is not only a critical developmental step in the life cycle of plants but is also important for agricultural production. These processes are precisely regulated by diverse endogenous hormones and environmental cues. Although ABA (abscisic acid) and GAs (gibberellins) are known to be the primary phytohormones that antagonistically regulate seed dormancy, recent findings demonstrate that another phytohormone, auxin, is also critical for inducing and maintaining seed dormancy, and therefore might act as a key protector of seed dormancy. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the sophisticated molecular networks involving the critical roles of phytohormones in regulating seed dormancy and germination, in which AP2-domain-containing transcription factors play key roles. We also discuss the interactions (crosstalk) of diverse hormonal signals in seed dormancy and germination, focusing on the ABA/GA balance that constitutes the central node.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                10 June 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 657813
                Affiliations
                State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University , Kaifeng, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Rodolfo Gentili, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy

                Reviewed by: Hana Skalova, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Sarah Caronni, University of Milan Bicocca, Italy

                *Correspondence: Jianqing Ding, jding@ 123456henu.edu.cn

                These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

                This article was submitted to Functional Plant Ecology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2021.657813
                8222791
                f73cfe57-fbe1-4889-ae88-717c4d3cb7df
                Copyright © 2021 Zhou, Yu, Yang, Chen, Yin and Ding.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 24 January 2021
                : 17 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 64, Pages: 11, Words: 0
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Original Research

                Plant science & Botany
                latitude,longitude,climate,germination,ambrosia artemisiifolia,invasion
                Plant science & Botany
                latitude, longitude, climate, germination, ambrosia artemisiifolia, invasion

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