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      Drug Design, Development and Therapy (submit here)

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      MYC/NBS1-Mediated DNA Damage Response is Involved in the Inhibitory Effect of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A on Glioma Cells

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          Abstract

          Background

          The role of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A (HSYA) in glioma is less studied, this research determined the effect of HSYA on glioma cells.

          Methods

          The expressions of MYC and NBS1 in glioma tissues were detected by bioinformatics analysis and verified by RT-qPCR. The target relationship between MYC and NBS1 was predicted by bioinformatics. After treating the cells with HSYA, silenced MYC, or overexpressed NBS1, the viability, apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, migration, and DNA damage of the glioma cells were detected by MTT, flow cytometry, colony formation, transwell, wound healing, and γH2AX immunofluorescence assays, respectively. IC 50 of HSYA in glioma cells was analyzed by Probit regression analysis. The expressions of MYC, NBS1, factors related to migration, invasion, apoptosis, and DNA damage of the glioma cells were determined by Western blot or RT-qPCR.

          Results

          MYC and NBS1 were high-expressed in glioma, and NBS1 was targeted by MYC. HSYA and siRNA targeting MYC inhibited the cell viability, proliferation, invasion, migration, and induced the cell apoptosis of glioma cells. HSYA upregulated the expressions of MYC, γH2AX, E-Cadherin, Bax, and Cleaved-PARP1, stimulated the activation of NBS1, MRE11, RAD50, and ATM, and downregulated the expressions of N-Cadherin and Bcl2 in glioma cells. SiMYC decreased the IC 50 of HSYA in the glioma cells, enhanced the sensitivity of glioma cells to HSYA, and inhibited the activation of NBS1 and ATM. NBS1 overexpression reversed the effect of siRNA targeting MYC on glioma cells.

          Conclusion

          MYC silencing inhibited the DNA damage response via regulation of NBS1, leading to DNA repair deficiency, and subsequently enhanced the sensitivity of glioma cells to HSYA.

          Most cited references36

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          Glioma Subclassifications and Their Clinical Significance.

          Ricky Chen, Matthew Smith-Cohn, Adam L Cohen … (2017)
          The impact of targeted therapies in glioma has been modest. All the therapies that have demonstrated a significant survival benefit for gliomas in Phase III trials, including radiation, chemotherapy (temozolomide and PCV [procarbazine, lomustine, vincristine]), and tumor-treating fields, are based on nonspecific targeting of proliferating cells. Recent advances in the molecular understanding of gliomas suggest some potential reasons for the failure of more targeted therapies in gliomas. Specifically, the histologic-based glioma classification is composed of multiple different molecular subtypes with distinct biology, natural history, and prognosis. As a result of these insights, the diagnosis and classification of gliomas have recently been updated by the World Health Organization. However, these changes and other novel observations regarding glioma biomarkers and subtypes highlight several clinical challenges. First, the field is faced with the difficulty of reinterpreting the results of prior studies and retrospective data using the new classifications to clarify prognostic assessments and treatment recommendations for patients. Second, the new classifications and insights require rethinking the design and stratification of future clinical trials. Last, these observations provide the essential framework for the development and testing of new specific targeted therapies for particular glioma subtypes. This review aims to summarize the current literature regarding glioma subclassifications and their clinical relevance in this evolving field.
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            The MRE11–RAD50–NBS1 Complex Conducts the Orchestration of Damage Signaling and Outcomes to Stress in DNA Replication and Repair

            Aleem Syed, John Tainer (2018)
            Genomic instability in disease and its fidelity in health depend on the DNA damage response (DDR), regulated in part from the complex of meiotic recombination 11 homolog 1 (MRE11), ATP-binding cassette–ATPase (RAD50), and phosphopeptide-binding Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein 1 (NBS1). The MRE11–RAD50–NBS1 (MRN) complex forms a multifunctional DDR machine. Within its network assemblies, MRN is the core conductor for the initial and sustained responses to DNA double-strand breaks, stalled replication forks, dysfunctional telomeres, and viral DNA infection. MRN can interfere with cancer therapy and is an attractive target for precision medicine. Its conformations change the paradigm whereby kinases initiate damage sensing. Delineated results reveal kinase activation, posttranslational targeting, functional scaffolding, conformations storing binding energy and en-abling access, interactions with hub proteins such as replication protein A (RPA), and distinct networks at DNA breaks and forks. MRN biochemistry provides prototypic insights into how it initiates, implements, and regulates multifunctional responses to genomic stress.
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              c-Myc Is Required for Maintenance of Glioma Cancer Stem Cells

              Jialiang Wang, Hui-Hui Wang, Zhizhong Li … (2008)
              Background Malignant gliomas rank among the most lethal cancers. Gliomas display a striking cellular heterogeneity with a hierarchy of differentiation states. Recent studies support the existence of cancer stem cells in gliomas that are functionally defined by their capacity for extensive self-renewal and formation of secondary tumors that phenocopy the original tumors. As the c-Myc oncoprotein has recognized roles in normal stem cell biology, we hypothesized that c-Myc may contribute to cancer stem cell biology as these cells share characteristics with normal stem cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on previous methods that we and others have employed, tumor cell populations were enriched or depleted for cancer stem cells using the stem cell marker CD133 (Prominin-1). We characterized c-Myc expression in matched tumor cell populations using real time PCR, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Here we report that c-Myc is highly expressed in glioma cancer stem cells relative to non-stem glioma cells. To interrogate the significance of c-Myc expression in glioma cancer stem cells, we targeted its expression using lentivirally transduced short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Knockdown of c-Myc in glioma cancer stem cells reduced proliferation with concomitant cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and increased apoptosis. Non-stem glioma cells displayed limited dependence on c-Myc expression for survival and proliferation. Further, glioma cancer stem cells with decreased c-Myc levels failed to form neurospheres in vitro or tumors when xenotransplanted into the brains of immunocompromised mice. Conclusions/Significance These findings support a central role of c-Myc in regulating proliferation and survival of glioma cancer stem cells. Targeting core stem cell pathways may offer improved therapeutic approaches for advanced cancers.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Drug Des Devel Ther
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Drug Des Devel Ther
                Journal ID (publisher-id): dddt
                Journal ID (pmc): dddt
                Title: Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 1177-8881
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 April 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 15
                Pages: 1749-1763
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University , Xi’an City, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Julei Wang Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University , No. 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, 710038, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-29-84777777 Email wangjulei_wjl@163.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: 288841
                DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S288841
                PMC ID: 8089107
                SO-VID: f7462ff9-eb0c-4677-80ce-dae2965fa407
                Copyright © © 2021 Tang et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 26 October 2020
                Date accepted : 30 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 9, References: 36, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province;
                This work was supported by the Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province [2019SF-058].
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: glioma,hydroxysafflor yellow a,myc,nbs1,drug sensitivity,dna repair
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: glioma, hydroxysafflor yellow a, myc, nbs1, drug sensitivity, dna repair

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