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      Inhibitory and Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Newcastle Disease Virus Strain AF2240 on Mammary Carcinoma Cell Line

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          Abstract

          Breast cancer is the malignant tumour that developed from cells of the breast and is the first leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are the available treatments for breast cancer, but these were reported to have side effects. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) known as Avian paramyxovirus type-1 (APMV1) belongs to the genus Avulavirus in a family Paramyxoviridae. NDV is shown to be a promising anticancer agent, killing tumour cells while sparing normal cells unharmed. In this study, the oncolytic and cytotoxic activities of NDV AF2240 strain were evaluated on MDA-MB-231, human mammary carcinoma cell line, using MTT assay, and its inhibitory effects were further studied using proliferation and migration assays. Morphological and apoptotic-inducing effects of NDV on MD-MB-231 cells were observed using phase contrast and fluorescence microscopes. Detection of DNA fragmentation was done following terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated Br-dUTP nick end labeling staining (TUNEL) assay, which confirmed that the mode of death was through apoptosis and was quantified by flow cytometry. Furthermore, analysis of cellular DNA content demonstrated that the virus caused an increase in the sub-G1 phase (apoptotic peak) of the cell cycle. It appears that NDV AF2240 strain is a potent anticancer agent that induced apoptosis in time-dependent manner.

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          Most cited references39

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          Morphologic and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis.

          Apoptosis is characterised by a series of typical morphological features, such as shrinkage of the cell, fragmentation into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies and rapid phagocytosis by neighbouring cells. This paper reviews the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis as they relate to the morphologic hallmarks and their implications for the detection of apoptosis in cardiac tissue. Activation of cysteine proteases called caspases plays a major role in the execution of apoptosis. These proteases selectively cleave vital cellular substrates, which results in apoptotic morphology and internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA by selectively activated DNases. In response to several pro-apoptotic signals, mitochondria release caspase activating factors, that initiate an escalating caspase cascade and commit the cell to die. Members of the Bcl-2 oncoprotein family control mitochondrial events and are able to prevent, or induce, both apoptotic and non-apoptotic types of cell death. This suggests that different types of cell death share common mechanisms in the early phases, whereas activation of caspases determines the phenotype of cell death. Detection of apoptotic cells in tissue samples currently relies on the TUNEL assay. TUNEL-positive cardiomyocytes show morphological features of apoptosis and the typical ladder pattern in DNA electrophoresis. Thus, provided that the staining protocol is carefully standardised, this quantitative methodology provides reproducible results of the occurrence of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in cardiac samples. Recently, potentially more specific assays based on analysis of DNA fragmentation or demonstration of caspase activation have been developed. Applicability of these assays to demonstrate cardiomyocyte apoptosis should be tested.
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            Analysis of cell cycle by flow cytometry.

            Described are four widely used procedures to analyze the cell cycle by flow cytometry. The first two are based on univariate analysis of cellular DNA content following cell staining with either propidium iodide (PI) or 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and deconvolution of the cellular DNA content frequency histograms. This approach reveals distribution of cells in three major phases of the cycle (G1 vs S vs G2/M) and makes it possible to detect apoptotic cells with fractional DNA content. The third approach is based on the bivariate analysis of DNA content and proliferation-associated proteins. The expression of cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin A, or cyclin B1 vs DNA content is presented as an example. This approach allows one to distinguish, for example, G0 from G1 cells, identify mitotic cells, or relate expression of other intracellular proteins to the cell cycle position. The fourth procedure relies on the detection of 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to label the DNA-replicating cells.
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              This account of the highlights of the eighth St Gallen (Switzerland) meeting in 2003 emphasizes new information that has emerged during the 2 years since the seventh meeting in 2001. This article should be read in conjunction with the report of that earlier meeting. Recommendations for patient care are so critically dependent on assessment of endocrine responsiveness that the importance of high-quality steroid hormone receptor determination and standardized quantitative reporting cannot be overemphasized. The International Consensus Panel modified the risk categories so that only endocrine receptor-absent status was sufficient to reclassify an otherwise low-risk, node-negative disease into the category of average risk. Absence of steroid hormone receptors also was recognized as indicating endocrine nonresponsiveness. Some important areas highlighted at the recent meeting include: (1) recognition of the separate nature of endocrine-nonresponsive breast cancer-both invasive cancers and ductal carcinoma-in-situ; (2) improved understanding of the mechanisms of acquired endocrine resistance, which offer exciting prospects for extending the impact of successful sequential endocrine therapies; (3) presentation of high-quality evidence indicating that chemotherapy and tamoxifen should be used sequentially rather than concurrently; (4) availability of a potential alternative to tamoxifen for treatment of postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive disease; and (5) the promise of newly defined prognostic and predictive markers.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomed Res Int
                Biomed Res Int
                BMRI
                BioMed Research International
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                2314-6133
                2314-6141
                2015
                2 March 2015
                : 2015
                : 127828
                Affiliations
                1Research Laboratory of Anatomy & Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
                2Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Bauchi State University, PMB 65, Gadau, Nigeria
                3Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Hirotaka Iwase

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3216-5171
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2570-2864
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4050-1948
                Article
                10.1155/2015/127828
                4363544
                25821783
                f74c9655-6939-43e4-a453-bc0a565759c4
                Copyright © 2015 Umar Ahmad et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 29 October 2014
                : 5 February 2015
                : 5 February 2015
                Categories
                Research Article

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