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      Risk of hospitalization and death following prostate biopsy in Scotland

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To investigate the risk of hospitalization and death following prostate biopsy.

          Study design

          Retrospective cohort study.

          Methods

          Our study population comprised 10,285 patients with a record of first ever prostate biopsy between 2009 and 2013 on computerized acute hospital discharge or outpatient records covering Scotland. Using the general population as a comparison group, expected numbers of admissions/deaths were derived by applying age-, sex-, deprivation category-, and calendar year-specific rates of hospital admissions/deaths to the study population. Indirectly standardized hospital admission ratios (SHRs) and mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated by dividing the observed numbers of admissions/deaths by expected numbers.

          Results

          Compared with background rates, patients were more likely to be admitted to hospital within 30 days (SHR 2.7; 95% confidence interval 2.4, 2.9) and 120 days (SHR 4.0; 3.8, 4.1) of biopsy. Patients with prior co-morbidity had higher SHRs. The risk of death within 30 days of biopsy was not increased significantly (SMR 1.6; 0.9, 2.7), but within 120 days, the risk of death was significantly higher than expected (SMR 1.9; 1.5, 2.4). The risk of death increased with age and tended to be higher among patients with prior co-morbidity. Overall risks of hospitalization and of death up to 120 days were increased both in men diagnosed and those not diagnosed with prostate cancer.

          Conclusions

          Higher rates of adverse events in older patients and patients with prior co-morbidity emphasizes the need for careful patient selection for prostate biopsy and justifies ongoing efforts to minimize the risk of complications.

          Highlights

          • There are limited data on adverse effects of prostate biopsy in real world settings.

          • Substantial numbers of elderly men in Scotland undergo prostate biopsy.

          • Higher rates of adverse events occur in older patients and those with co-morbidity.

          • There is probably scope to improve patient selection for prostate biopsy.

          • Efforts to reduce the risk of complications of prostate biopsy should be maintained.

          Related collections

          Most cited references16

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          Overdiagnosis in cancer.

          This article summarizes the phenomenon of cancer overdiagnosis-the diagnosis of a "cancer" that would otherwise not go on to cause symptoms or death. We describe the two prerequisites for cancer overdiagnosis to occur: the existence of a silent disease reservoir and activities leading to its detection (particularly cancer screening). We estimated the magnitude of overdiagnosis from randomized trials: about 25% of mammographically detected breast cancers, 50% of chest x-ray and/or sputum-detected lung cancers, and 60% of prostate-specific antigen-detected prostate cancers. We also review data from observational studies and population-based cancer statistics suggesting overdiagnosis in computed tomography-detected lung cancer, neuroblastoma, thyroid cancer, melanoma, and kidney cancer. To address the problem, patients must be adequately informed of the nature and the magnitude of the trade-off involved with early cancer detection. Equally important, researchers need to work to develop better estimates of the magnitude of overdiagnosis and develop clinical strategies to help minimize it.
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            Increasing hospital admission rates for urological complications after transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy.

            Transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy is widely used to confirm the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The technique has been associated with significant morbidity in a small proportion of patients. We conducted a population based study of 75,190 men who underwent a transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy in Ontario, Canada, between 1996 and 2005. We used hospital and cancer registry administrative databases to estimate the rates of hospital admission and mortality due to urological complications associated with the procedure. Of the 75,190 men who underwent transrectal ultrasound biopsy 33,508 (44.6%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer and 41,682 (55.4%) did not have prostate cancer. The hospital admission rate for urological complications within 30 days of the procedure for men without cancer was 1.9% (781/41,482). The 30-day hospital admission rate increased from 1.0% in 1996 to 4.1% in 2005 (p for trend <0.0001). The majority of hospital admissions (72%) were for infection related reasons. The probability of being admitted to hospital within 30 days of having the procedure increased 4-fold between 1996 and 2005 (OR 3.7, 95% CI 2.0-7.0, p <0.0001). The overall 30-day mortality rate was 0.09% but did not change during the study period. The hospital admission rates for complications following transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy have increased dramatically during the last 10 years primarily due to an increasing rate of infection related complications. 2010 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Discrepancies between clinical and autopsy diagnosis and the value of post mortem histology; a meta-analysis and review.

              The autopsy is in decline, despite the fact that accurate mortality statistics remain essential for public health and health service planning. The falling autopsy rate combined with the Coroners Review and Human Tissue Act have contributed to this decline, and to a falling use of autopsy histology, with potential impact on clinical audit and mortality statistics. At a time when the need for reform and improvement in the death certification process is so prominent, we felt it important to assess the value of the autopsy and autopsy histology. We carried out a meta-analysis of discrepancies between clinical and autopsy diagnoses and the contribution of autopsy histology. There has been little improvement in the overall rate of discrepancies between the 1960s and the present. At least a third of death certificates are likely to be incorrect and 50% of autopsies produce findings unsuspected before death. In addition, the cases which give rise to discrepancies cannot be identified prior to autopsy. Over 20% of clinically unexpected autopsy findings, including 5% of major findings, can be correctly diagnosed only by histological examination. Although the autopsy and particularly autopsy histology are being undermined, they are still the most accurate method of determining the cause of death and auditing accuracy of clinical diagnosis, diagnostic tests and death certification.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Public Health
                Public Health
                Public Health
                Elsevier
                0033-3506
                1476-5616
                1 January 2017
                January 2017
                : 142
                : 102-110
                Affiliations
                [a ]NHS National Services Scotland, Gyle Square, 1 South Gyle Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
                [b ]Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
                [c ]Section of Academic Urology, Cancer Research Division, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, UK
                [d ]Department of Surgical Urology, Ninewells Hospital, NHS Tayside, Dundee, Scotland, UK
                Author notes
                [] Corresponding author. Public Health & Intelligence, NHS National Services Scotland, Gyle Square, 1 South Gyle Crescent, Edinburgh, EH12 9EB, Scotland, UK.Public Health & IntelligenceNHS National Services ScotlandGyle Square1 South Gyle CrescentEdinburghScotlandEH12 9EBUK David.Brewster@ 123456nhs.net
                [1]

                Now at the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.

                Article
                S0033-3506(16)30303-1
                10.1016/j.puhe.2016.10.006
                5226055
                27810089
                f766dc2d-1214-4d9f-954d-51f908e4c593
                © 2016 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 16 May 2016
                : 22 September 2016
                : 4 October 2016
                Categories
                Original Research

                Public health
                biopsy,complications,hospitalization,morbidity,mortality,prostate
                Public health
                biopsy, complications, hospitalization, morbidity, mortality, prostate

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