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      Hypothyroidism in coronary heart disease and its relation to selected risk factors

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Hypothyroidism (HT) has been found a predictor of cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to ascertain the prevalence of HT in patients with manifest coronary heart disease (CHD), and to establish its association with conventional risk factors.

          Methods

          410 patients, 6–24 months after hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, and/or revascularization, were included into the cross-sectional study.

          Results

          The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was found in males and females as follows: overt HT, ie, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) > 3.65 mIU/L and free thyroxine (fT4) < 9 pmol/L and/or L-thyroxine substitution, in 2.6% and 8.4%, respectively; subclinical HT (TSH >3.65, fT4 9–23 and no substitution) in 4.3% and 15.0%, respectively. Higher prevalence of HT was found in females with hypercholesterolemia, and in males and females with concomitant positive thyroid peroxydase antibodies. Hypothyroid subjects had higher total homocysteine in both genders and von Willebrand factor in males only. Hypothyroid females had higher total and LDL cholesterol, and were more often treated for diabetes.

          Conclusions

          HT was found highly prevalent in patient with clinical coronary heart disease, mainly in females, and was associated with several cardiovascular risk factors.

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          Most cited references28

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          The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study.

          G Mayor, N Manowitz, Gay Canaris … (2000)
          The prevalence of abnormal thyroid function in the United States and the significance of thyroid dysfunction remain controversial. Systemic effects of abnormal thyroid function have not been fully delineated, particularly in cases of mild thyroid failure. Also, the relationship between traditional hypothyroid symptoms and biochemical thyroid function is unclear. To determine the prevalence of abnormal thyroid function and the relationship between (1) abnormal thyroid function and lipid levels and (2) abnormal thyroid function and symptoms using modern and sensitive thyroid tests. Cross-sectional study. Participants in a statewide health fair in Colorado, 1995 (N = 25 862). Serum thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) and total thyroxine (T4) concentrations, serum lipid levels, and responses to a hypothyroid symptoms questionnaire. The prevalence of elevated TSH levels (normal range, 0.3-5.1 mIU/L) in this population was 9.5%, and the prevalence of decreased TSH levels was 2.2%. Forty percent of patients taking thyroid medications had abnormal TSH levels. Lipid levels increased in a graded fashion as thyroid function declined. Also, the mean total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of subjects with TSH values between 5.1 and 10 mIU/L were significantly greater than the corresponding mean lipid levels in euthyroid subjects. Symptoms were reported more often in hypothyroid vs euthyroid individuals, but individual symptom sensitivities were low. The prevalence of abnormal biochemical thyroid function reported here is substantial and confirms previous reports in smaller populations. Among patients taking thyroid medication, only 60% were within the normal range of TSH. Modest elevations of TSH corresponded to changes in lipid levels that may affect cardiovascular health. Individual symptoms were not very sensitive, but patients who report multiple thyroid symptoms warrant serum thyroid testing. These results confirm that thyroid dysfunction is common, may often go undetected, and may be associated with adverse health outcomes that can be avoided by serum TSH measurement.
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            Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam Study.

            A. Hak, H. A. Pols, T J Visser … (2000)
            Overt hypothyroidism has been found to be associated with cardiovascular disease. Whether subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity are also risk factors for cardiovascular disease is controversial. To investigate whether subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity are associated with aortic atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. Population-based cross-sectional study. A district of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Random sample of 1149 women (mean age +/- SD, 69.0 +/- 7.5 years) participating in the Rotterdam Study. Data on thyroid status, aortic atherosclerosis, and history of myocardial infarction were obtained at baseline. Subclinical hypothyroidism was defined as an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone level (>4.0 mU/L) and a normal serum free thyroxine level (11 to 25 pmol/L [0.9 to 1.9 ng/dL]). In tests for antibodies to thyroid peroxidase, a serum level greater than 10 IU/mL was considered a positive result. Subclinical hypothyroidism was present in 10.8% of participants and was associated with a greater age-adjusted prevalence of aortic atherosclerosis (odds ratio, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1 to 2.6]) and myocardial infarction (odds ratio, 2.3 [CI, 1.3 to 4.0]). Additional adjustment for body mass index, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, blood pressure, and smoking status, as well as exclusion of women who took beta-blockers, did not affect these estimates. Associations were slightly stronger in women who had subclinical hypothyroidism and antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (odds ratio for aortic atherosclerosis, 1.9 [CI, 1.1 to 3.6]; odds ratio for myocardial infarction, 3.1 [CI, 1.5 to 6.3]). No association was found between thyroid autoimmunity itself and cardiovascular disease. The population attributable risk percentage for subclinical hypothyroidism associated with myocardial infarction was within the range of that for known major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Subclinical hypothyroidism is a strong indicator of risk for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women.
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              Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease.

              Zubair Baloch, Pierre Carayon, Bernard Conte-Devolx … (2003)
              Article 0 comments Cited 206 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vasc Health Risk Manag
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Vascular Health and Risk Management
                Title: Vascular Health and Risk Management
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Print): 1176-6344
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2048
                Publication date (Print): December 2006
                Publication date (Electronic): December 2006
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 499-506
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Center of Preventive Cardiology, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Charles University, Medical Faculty Plzeň, Czech Republic
                [2 ]Department of Preventive Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague, Czech Republic
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Otto Mayer Jr University Hospital, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, 13 E. Beneše St, 320 00 Plzeň, Czech Republic Tel +420 377 402 797 Fax +420 377 420 650 Email mayerjr@ 123456lfp.cuni.cz
                Article
                PMC ID: 1994013
                PubMed ID: 17323605
                SO-VID: f767bf01-6b04-412f-ab83-3dfd77ef47cc
                Copyright © © 2006 Dove Medical Press Limited. All rights reserved
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Keywords: hypothyroidism,diabetes,cholesterol,coronary heart disease,homocysteine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Keywords: hypothyroidism, diabetes, cholesterol, coronary heart disease, homocysteine

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