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      Pautas de alimentación de la población gitana y la población general de España Translated title: Dietary patterns of Roma population and total population in Spain

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo La estrategia NAOS (Nutrición, Actividad Física y Prevención de la Obesidad), del Ministerio de Sanidad español, propuso diversas pautas saludables de alimentación. El objetivo de este artículo consiste en analizar el grado de seguimiento de estos patrones nutricionales por parte de la población gitana, en comparación con los referidos al conjunto de la población. Método Se compararon los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2012 y de la Encuesta de Salud a Población Gitana 2014. Como variables independientes se utilizaron el sexo, la edad y la escala socio-ocupacional, aplicando un análisis de regresión logística para valorar su grado de influencia. Resultados Se observó un menor seguimiento por parte de la población gitana de las pautas de alimentación recomendadas por el Ministerio de Sanidad, con diferencias de más de 20 puntos en algunas de ellas. La edad es la variable con mayor influencia en ambas poblaciones, pero aún con mayor intensidad en la población gitana, mientras que la influencia del sexo no alcanza significación estadística entre las personas gitanas. Los datos de seguimiento de estas pautas de alimentación en la población gitana son más bajos en comparación con cualquiera de los grupos socio-ocupacionales del conjunto de la población. Conclusiones La población gitana se encuentra en una situación de desigualdad en el grado de mantenimiento de las pautas de alimentación saludable propuestas por la estrategia NAOS. El alejamiento respecto a estos patrones alimenticios es mayor en la población gitana más joven.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective The NAOS (Nutrición, Actividad Física y Prevención de la Obesidad) strategy implemented by Spanish Ministry of Health proposes a range of healthy dietary guidelines. The objective of this article is to analyze the degree these nutritional patterns are monitored by the Roma population, compared to the rest of the population, compared to the total Spanish population. Methods Data from the 2012 National Health Survey and the 2014 Roma Health Survey were compared. Sex, age and socio-occupational scale were used as independent variables, applying a logistic regression analysis to assess their degree of influence. Results There was less monitoring carried out by the Roma population of the dietary plans recommended by the Ministry of Health and differences of more of 20 percentage points were found in some of them. In both populations, age was the variable with the greatest influence, but even more so in the Roma population, while sex did not show statistical among Roma people. The follow-up data of these dietary patterns in the Roma population were lower in comparison with any of the socio-occupational groups of the rest of the population. Conclusions The Roma population is in a situation of inequality as regards the levels of adherence of the healthy dietary guidelines proposed by the Spanish NAOS strategy. The distance from these healthy eating habits is even greater among the younger Roma population.

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          Propuestas de clase social neoweberiana y neomarxista a partir de la Clasificación Nacional de Ocupaciones 2011

          En España, la nueva Clasificación Nacional de Ocupaciones (CNO-2011), que ha variado sustancialmente respecto a la del año 1994, requiere la adaptación de la clase social ocupacional para ser utilizada en estudios de desigualdades en salud. En este artículo se presentan dos propuestas para medir la clase social: la nueva clasificación de clase social ocupacional (CSO-SEE12), basada en la CNO-2011, desde un enfoque neoweberiano, y una propuesta de clase social desde un enfoque neomarxista. La CSO-SEE12 se construye a partir de una revisión detallada de los códigos de la CNO-2011. Por su parte, la clase social neomarxista se establece a partir de variables sobre los bienes de capital, de organización y de cualificación. La CSO-SEE12 que se propone consta de siete clases sociales que pueden ser agrupadas en un número menor de categorías, según las necesidades del estudio. La clasificación neomarxista consta de 12 categorías, en las cuales las y los propietarios se dividen en tres categorías en función de los bienes de capital y las personas asalariadas en nueve categorías formadas a partir de los bienes de organización y cualificación. Estas propuestas se complementan con la proposición de una clasificación del nivel educativo que integra los diferentes planes de estudio en España, y ofrece las correspondencias con la Clasificación Internacional Normalizada de la Educación.
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            Adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern has declined in Spanish adults.

            This work examined the Spanish population's degree of accordance with the Mediterranean diet (MD). This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2008-2010 among 11,742 individuals representative of the Spanish population aged ≥ 18 y. Habitual food consumption was assessed with a computerized diet history. Accordance of food consumption with the MD was assessed with the MD Adherence Screener (MEDAS) score using the cutoffs ≥ 9 to define strict accordance and ≥ 7 (mid-range value) for modest accordance. Accordance of nutrient intake with the MD was defined as ≥ 4.5 points (mid-range value) on the high-unsaturated fat OmniHeart diet score. The diet of 12% (95% CI: 11.3-12.7%) of the Spanish population reached MEDAS-based strict accordance with the MD and 46% (95% CI: 44.7-47.7) attained modest accordance. Moreover, 39.0% (95%: 37.8-40.1%) of the population achieved OnmiHeart-based MD accordance. Factor analysis identified 2 main dietary patterns. The first one was called "Westernized" and was rich in red and processed meat, French fries, refined cereals, and sweetened beverages and poor in fresh fruit; the second pattern was named "Mediterranean" and was rich in olive oil and plant-based foods. Regardless of how it was defined, MD accordance was less frequent and the Westernized pattern was more frequent among the younger, the less educated, current smokers, and those less physically active and more sedentary. In conclusion, the Spanish population is drifting away from the MD to adopt a less healthy diet, typical of Western countries. The departure from the MD mostly affects the socially disadvantaged and clusters with other unhealthy lifestyles, which may have synergistic undesirable effects on health.
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              A systematic review of socio-economic differences in food habits in Europe: consumption of fruit and vegetables.

              To evaluate the differences in the consumption of fruit and vegetables between groups with different socio-economic status (SES) in the adult population of European countries. A systematic review of published and unpublished surveys of food habits conducted between 1985 and 1999 in 15 European countries. Educational level and occupational status were used as indicators of SES. A pooled estimate of the mean difference between the highest and the lowest level of education and occupation was calculated separately for men and women, using DerSimonian and Laird's random effects model. The inclusion criteria of studies were: use of a validated method for assessing intake at the individual level; selection of a nationwide sample or a representative sample of a region; and providing the mean and standard deviation of overall fruit and vegetable consumption for each level of education or occupation, and separately for men and women. Participants in the individual surveys had to be adults (18-85 y). Eleven studies from seven countries met the criteria for being included in the meta-analysis. A higher SES was associated with a greater consumption of both fruit and vegetables. The pooled estimate of the difference in the intake of fruit was 24.3 g/person/day (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.0-34.7) between men in the highest level of education and those in the lowest level of education. Similarly, this difference was 33.6 g/person/day for women (95% CI 22.5-44.8). The differences regarding vegetables were 17.0 g/person/day (95% CI 8.6-25.5) for men and 13.4 g/person/day (95% CI 7.1-19.7) for women. The results were in the same direction when occupation instead of education was used as an indicator of SES. Although we cannot exclude over-reporting of intake by those with highest SES, it is unlikely that this potential bias could fully explain the differences we have found. Our results suggest that an unhealthier nutrition pattern may exist among adults belonging to lower socio-economic levels in Europe. The present study was supported by the European Union's FAIR programme (FAIR-97-3096).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                August 2022
                : 36
                : 4
                : 353-359
                Affiliations
                [1] Pamplona Navarra orgnameUniversidad Pública de Navarra orgdiv1Departamento de Sociología y Trabajo Social Spain
                [4] Alicante orgnameFederación de Asociaciones Gitanas (FAGA) España
                [2] Zaragoza Aragón orgnameUniversidad de Zaragoza orgdiv1Departamento de Psicología y Sociología Spain
                [3] Alicante Valencia orgnameUniversidad de Alicante orgdiv1Departamento de Enfermería Comunitaria, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia Spain
                Article
                S0213-91112022000400353 S0213-9111(22)03600400353
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.04.002
                f7704dc0-7db8-4af9-8054-ac9094351024

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 April 2021
                : 16 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Social determinants of health,Alimentación,Población gitana,Hábitos alimenticios saludables,Determinantes sociales de la salud,Desigualdades alimentarias,Encuestas de salud,Diet,Roma population,Healthy eating habits,Food inequalities,Health surveys

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