New epidemiological aspects of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Taza, Morocco

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Abstract

Background

Leishmaniasis is considered among the main endemic diseases in Morocco. However, further knowledge about epidemiological aspects of this disease is needed in several provinces to plan control and preventive strategies to tackle the disease. The present study aims to determine the epidemiological aspect of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Taza Province from 2007–2014 and to identify the circulating species in this province.

Results

The temporal study from 2007 to 2014 showed that the number of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases increased since 2010. During the period of study, most leishmaniasis cases were detected in both urban and rural areas with 34% of cases detected in two urban localities, Bab Zitouna and Bab tété with 297 and 106 cases, respectively. The molecular study of cutaneous leishmaniasis showed the presence of non-sporadic Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica in this province. Regarding visceral leishmaniasis, Leishmania infantum is the species that has been identified.

Conclusions

The epidemio-molecular study of leishmaniasis in Taza Province showed the coexistence of two species of Leishmania in the same foci. They also indicated that CL due to Leishmania infantum is more prevalent than reported in the literature. These results will be helpful for the implementation of control strategies by targeting dogs that constitute a reservoir of Leishmania infantum.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1910-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Most cited references 25

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review

Karim Aoun, Aïda Bouratbine (2014)

In North African countries, cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission has been increasing since the 1980s, with a significant increase in the incidence of cases and a spread of the geographical distribution. The disease currently represents a major public health problem with a productivity gap and an impediment for development, which results in dramatic socioeconomic and psycho-sanitary impacts. The incidence is more than thousands of cases every year in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. In Egypt, only a few dozen cases per year are reported, mainly in the Sinai Peninsula. Three Leishmania species, associated with distinct eco-epidemiological and clinical patterns, are involved, namely Leishmania infantum, L. major, and L. tropica. However, L. major is by far the most frequent in Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia, with more than 90% of the registered cases. It is mainly encountered in rural areas under semi-arid, arid and Saharan climates. Leishmania tropica is more prevalent in Morocco, reaching 30–40% of isolates in some districts. Much data is still missing concerning the risk factors of the infection and the lesion development, as well as vector and reservoir ecology and behavior. The knowledge of such parameters, following multidisciplinary and integrated approaches, is crucial for better management and control of the disease, that also faces a lack of resources and efficient control measures.

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Detection and molecular typing of Leishmania tropica from Phlebotomus sergenti and lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an emerging focus of Morocco

Malika Ajaoud, Nargys Es-sette, Salsabil Hamdi … (2013)

Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by flagellate protozoa of the genus Leishmania. In Morocco, anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica is considered as a public health problem, but its epidemiology has not been fully elucidated. The main objective of this study was to detect Leishmania infection in the vector, Phlebotomus sergenti and in human skin samples, in the El Hanchane locality, an emerging focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Morocco. Methods A total of 643 sand flies were collected using CDC miniature light traps and identified morphologically. Leishmania species were characterized by ITS1 PCR-RFLP and ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene nested-PCR of samples from 123 females of Phlebotomus sergenti and 7 cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Results The sand flies collected consisted of 9 species, 7 of which belonged to the genus Phlebotomus and two to the genus Sergentomyia. Phlebotomus sergenti was the most predominant (76.67%). By ITS1 PCR-RFLP Leishmania tropica was found in three Phlebotomus sergenti females and four patients (4/7). Using nested PCR Leishmania tropica was identified in the same three Phlebotomus sergenti females and all the 7 patients. The sequencing of the nested PCR products recognized 7 haplotypes, of which 6 have never been described. Conclusions This is the first molecular detection and identification of Leishmania tropica in human skin samples and Phlebotomus sergenti in support of its vector status in El Hanchane. The finding of seven Leishmania tropica haplotypes underscores heterogeneity of this species at a high level in Morocco.

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[Leishmania tropica in Morocco. III--The vector of Phlebotomus sergenti. Apropos of 89 isolates].

A K Martini, Charina E. Ortega, J. Dereure … (1990)

In a Moroccan focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica, 7,907 female sandflies captured with CDC traps were dissected from summer to autumn 1989. Among species of the genus Phlebotomus, only P. sergenti harbored promastigotes. Eighty-nine strains belonging to the complex L. tropica were isolated. The frequency of vector infection was zero in June, rose to 1.3% in August, and reached 9.9% in October, which indicates that the period of high risk is at the end of the hot season. Out of 89 strains isolated, 74 were completely typed and corresponded to the following four zymodemes: MON-102 (one strain), MON-107 (56 strains), MON-122 (two strains), and MON-123 (15 strains). Only the first two were observed in humans. The distribution of zymodemes MON-102 and MON-107 was very different in humans, dogs, and the vector. In one of the sites surveyed, which was strongly dominated by MON-107, the absence of human cases involving this zymodeme suggests the existence of a wild reservoir.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Maryam Hakkour: maryam.hakkour@gmail.com

Asmae Hmamouch: asmae.hmamouch@gmail.com

Mohamed Mahmoud El Alem: medalem44@yahoo.fr

Abdelkbir Rhalem: a.rhalem@gmail.com

Fatima Amarir: fatima.inhr@gmail.com

Mohamed Touzani: touzani59@hotmail.com

Abderrahim Sadak: sadakabderrahim@gmail.com

Hajiba Fellah: hajibafel@yahoo.fr

Faiza Sebti: sebti.faiza@yahoo.fr

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors

Title: Parasites & Vectors

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305

Publication date (Electronic): 29 November 2016

Publication date PMC-release: 29 November 2016

Publication date Collection: 2016

Volume: 9

Electronic Location Identifier: 612

Affiliations

[1 ]National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco

[2 ]Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Science, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco

[3 ]Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary, Rabat, Morocco

[4 ]Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco

[5 ]Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Casablanca, Morocco

[6 ]Delegation of Health, Taza, Morocco

Article

Publisher ID: 1910

DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1910-x

PMC ID: 5129210

PubMed ID: 27899126

SO-VID: f795095b-17ca-4de7-9413-be57f2d203a0

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 29 September 2016

Date accepted : 23 November 2016

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: leishmaniasis,leishmania infantum,leishmania tropica,its1-pcr-rflp,taza province,morocco

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: leishmaniasis, leishmania infantum, leishmania tropica, its1-pcr-rflp, taza province, morocco

New epidemiological aspects of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Taza, Morocco

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China Tropical Medicine

Most cited references 25

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review

Detection and molecular typing of Leishmania tropica from Phlebotomus sergenti and lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an emerging focus of Morocco

[Leishmania tropica in Morocco. III--The vector of Phlebotomus sergenti. Apropos of 89 isolates].

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