Arterial Pressure and Flow Wave Analysis Using Time-Domain 1-D Hemodynamics

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Abstract

We reviewed existing methods for analyzing, in the time domain, physical mechanisms underlying the patterns of blood pressure and flow waveforms in the arterial system. These are wave intensity analysis and separations into several types of waveforms: (i) forward- and backward-traveling, (ii) peripheral and conduit, or (iii) reservoir and excess. We assessed the physical information provided by each method and showed how to combine existing methods in order to quantify contributions to numerically generated waveforms from previous cardiac cycles and from specific regions and properties of the numerical domain: the aortic root, arterial bifurcations and tapered vessels, peripheral reflection sites, and the Windkessel function of the aorta. We illustrated our results with numerical examples involving generalized arterial stiffening in a distributed one-dimensional model or localized changes in the model parameters due to a femoral stenosis, carotid stent or abdominal aortic aneurysm.

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Effects of aging on changing arterial compliance and left ventricular load in a northern Chinese urban community.

A P Avolio, S G Chen, R. -P. Wang … (1983)

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured by means of transcutaneous Doppler techniques in the aorta, right arm, and right leg of 480 normal subjects of both sexes in urban Beijing, China (age range 3 to 89 years, mean age 41 +/- 20.8 SD); supine blood pressure was recorded in the brachial artery of each subject with standard sphygmomanometric procedures. Serum cholesterol was determined in a subgroup of 79 subjects (age 17 to 85 years, mean 47 +/- 26 SD). PWV (y in cm/sec) was found to vary with age (x, years) at each of the three locations according to the following regression equations: aorta, y = 9.2x + 615, r = .673 (p less than .001); right arm, y = 4.8x + 998, r = .453 (p less than .001); right leg, y = 5.6x + 791, r = .630 (p less than .001). Systolic, diastolic, mean, and pulse pressures were found to increase with age. PWV also increased with mean supine blood pressure but was not related to serum cholesterol (average 4.49 +/- 0.11 [SEM], mmol/l). Compared with that of Western populations, serum cholesterol tended to be lower at all age groups, systolic pressure higher at ages over 35 years, and PWV higher at all ages. Because change in PWV is directly related to change in arterial compliance, these results indicate that aging and not concomitant atherosclerosis (known to be rare in Asian populations) is the dominant factor associated with reduced arterial compliance and increased left ventricular load in these subjects.

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Numerical simulation and experimental validation of blood flow in arteries with structured-tree outflow conditions.

M S Olufsen, C. S. Peskin, W. Y. Kim … (2015)

Blood flow in the large systemic arteries is modeled using one-dimensional equations derived from the axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations for flow in compliant and tapering vessels. The arterial tree is truncated after the first few generations of large arteries with the remaining small arteries and arterioles providing outflow boundary conditions for the large arteries. By modeling the small arteries and arterioles as a structured tree, a semi-analytical approach based on a linearized version of the governing equations can be used to derive an expression for the root impedance of the structured tree in the frequency domain. In the time domain, this provides the proper outflow boundary condition. The structured tree is a binary asymmetric tree in which the radii of the daughter vessels are scaled linearly with the radius of the parent vessel. Blood flow and pressure in the large vessels are computed as functions of time and axial distance within each of the arteries. Comparison between the simulations and magnetic resonance measurements in the ascending aorta and nine peripheral locations in one individual shows excellent agreement between the two.

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Elastic properties and Windkessel function of the human aorta.

G Belz (1995)

An understanding of the role of the aortic elastic properties indicates their relevance at several sites of cardiovascular function. Acting as an elastic buffering chamber behind the heart (the Windkessel function), the aorta and some of the proximal large vessels store about 50% of the left ventricular stroke volume during systole. In diastole, the elastic forces of the aortic wall forward this 50% of the volume to the peripheral circulation, thus creating a nearly continuous peripheral blood flow. This systolic-diastolic interplay represents the Windkessel function, which has an influence not only on the peripheral circulation but also on the heart, resulting in a reduction of left ventricular afterload and improvement in coronary blood flow and left ventricular relaxation. The elastic resistance (or stiffness), which the aorta sets against its systolic distention, increases with aging, with an increase in blood pressure, and with pathological changes such as atherosclerosis. This increased stiffness leads to an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure at any given mean pressure, an increase in systolic blood velocity, an increase in left ventricular afterload, and a decrease in subendocardial blood supply during diastole, and must be considered a major pathophysiological factor, for example, in systolic hypertension. The elastic properties of the aortic Windkessel can be assessed in vivo in humans in several ways, most easily by measuring the pulse wave velocity along the aorta. The higher this velocity, the higher the elastic resistance, that is, the stiffness. Other methods depend on assessment of the ratio between pulse pressure and aortic volume changes (delata P/delta V), which can be assessed noninvasively by ultrasonic or tomographic methods. All assessments of vessel stiffness have to take into account the direct effect of current blood pressure, and thus judgements about influences of interventions rely on an unchanged blood pressure. Alternatively, to derive the "intrinsic" stiffness of the aortic wall one has to correct for the effect of the blood pressure present. Recently reports about pharmacologic influences on the elastic properties of the aorta have emerged in the literature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Author and article information

Contributors

Marie Willemet: marie.willemet@kcl.ac.uk

Jordi Alastruey: jordi.alastruey-arimon@kcl.ac.uk

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ann Biomed Eng

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ann Biomed Eng

Title: Annals of Biomedical Engineering

Publisher: Springer US (Boston )

ISSN (Print): 0090-6964

ISSN (Electronic): 1573-9686

Publication date (Electronic): 20 August 2014

Publication date PMC-release: 20 August 2014

Publication date (Print): 2015

Volume: 43

Pages: 190-206

Affiliations

Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, King’s College London, London, UK

Author notes

Associate Editor Diego Gallo oversaw the review of this article.

Article

Publisher ID: 1087

DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1087-4

PMC ID: 4286649

PubMed ID: 25138163

SO-VID: f7b87fdf-3b0f-44a5-9f23-1f1978810d8b

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

History

Date received : 8 May 2014

Date accepted : 1 August 2014

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering

Keywords: pulse wave propagation,wave intensity analysis,peripheral wave reflections,reservoir pressure,windkessel function

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering

Keywords: pulse wave propagation, wave intensity analysis, peripheral wave reflections, reservoir pressure, windkessel function

Arterial Pressure and Flow Wave Analysis Using Time-Domain 1-D Hemodynamics

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Most cited references 30

Effects of aging on changing arterial compliance and left ventricular load in a northern Chinese urban community.

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of blood flow in arteries with structured-tree outflow conditions.

Elastic properties and Windkessel function of the human aorta.

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