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      An update on natural compounds in the remedy of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

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          Abstract

          Herbal medicine, phytomedicine or botanical medicine are synonymous, utilizes plants intended for medicinal purposes. Medicinal use of herbal medicine in the treatment and prevention of diseases including diabetes has a long history compared to conventional medicine. Diabetes is one of the major public health concerns over the world. Diabetes or hyperglycemia is considered to be one of the common public health hazard; optimal control of which is still not possible. Persistent hyperglycemia or uncontrolled diabetes has the potential to cause serious complications such as kidney disease, vision loss, cardiovascular disease, and lower-limb amputations which contributed towards morbidity and mortality in diabetes. There are various approaches to treat and prevent diabetes as well as its secondary complications, one of it is herbal medicines. However, the selection of herbs might depends on several factors, which include the stage of progression of diabetes, types of comorbidities that the patients are having, availability, affordability as well as the safety profile of the herbs. This review focuses on the herbal and natural remedies that play the role in the treatment or prevention of this morbid disorder – diabetes, including their underlying mechanisms for the blood glucose-lowering property and the herbal products already been marketed for the remedial action of diabetes.

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          Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.

          Sarah E Wild, Gojka Roglic, Anders Green … (2004)
          The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people of all ages with diabetes for years 2000 and 2030. Data on diabetes prevalence by age and sex from a limited number of countries were extrapolated to all 191 World Health Organization member states and applied to United Nations' population estimates for 2000 and 2030. Urban and rural populations were considered separately for developing countries. The prevalence of diabetes for all age-groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. The total number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. The prevalence of diabetes is higher in men than women, but there are more women with diabetes than men. The urban population in developing countries is projected to double between 2000 and 2030. The most important demographic change to diabetes prevalence across the world appears to be the increase in the proportion of people >65 years of age. These findings indicate that the "diabetes epidemic" will continue even if levels of obesity remain constant. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, it is likely that these figures provide an underestimate of future diabetes prevalence.
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            Resveratrol improves insulin sensitivity, reduces oxidative stress and activates the Akt pathway in type 2 diabetic patients.

            Pál Brasnyó, Gergő A Molnár, Márton Mohás … (2011)
            Although resveratrol has widely been studied for its potential health benefits, little is known about its metabolic effects in humans. Our aims were to determine whether the polyphenol resveratrol improves insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients and to gain some insight into the mechanism of its action. After an initial general examination (including blood chemistry), nineteen patients enrolled in the 4-week-long double-blind study were randomly assigned into two groups: a resveratrol group receiving oral 2 × 5 mg resveratrol and a control group receiving placebo. Before and after the second and fourth weeks of the trial, insulin resistance/sensitivity, creatinine-normalised ortho-tyrosine level in urine samples (as a measure of oxidative stress), incretin levels and phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAkt):protein kinase B (Akt) ratio in platelets were assessed and statistically analysed. After the fourth week, resveratrol significantly decreased insulin resistance (homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance) and urinary ortho-tyrosine excretion, while it increased the pAkt:Akt ratio in platelets. On the other hand, it had no effect on parameters that relate to β-cell function (i.e. homeostasis model of assessment of β-cell function). The present study shows for the first time that resveratrol improves insulin sensitivity in humans, which might be due to a resveratrol-induced decrease in oxidative stress that leads to a more efficient insulin signalling via the Akt pathway.
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              Resveratrol supplementation improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

              Jayesh Bhatt, Sabin Thomas, Moola Nanjan (2012)
              Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound. Numerous animal studies have been reported on its wide-ranging beneficial effects in the biological system including diabetes mellitus (DM). We hypothesized, therefore, that oral supplementation of resveratrol would improve the glycemic control and the associated risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present clinical study was therefore carried out to test the hypothesis. Sixty-two patients with T2DM were enrolled from Government Headquarters Hospital, Ootacamund, India, in a prospective, open-label, randomized, controlled trial. Patients were randomized into control and intervention groups. The control group received only oral hypoglycemic agents, whereas the intervention group received resveratrol (250 mg/d) along with their oral hypoglycemic agents for a period of 3 months. Hemoglobin A(1c), lipid profile, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and protein were measured at the baseline and at the end of 3 months. The results reveal that supplementation of resveratrol for 3 months significantly improves the mean hemoglobin A(1c) (means ± SD, 9.99 ± 1.50 vs 9.65 ± 1.54; P < .05), systolic blood pressure (mean ± SD, 139.71 ± 16.10 vs 127.92 ± 15.37; P < .05), total cholesterol (mean ± SD, 4.70 ± 0.90 vs 4.33 ± 0.76; P < .05), and total protein (mean ± SD, 75.6 ± 4.6 vs 72.3 ± 6.2; P < .05) in T2DM. No significant changes in body weight and high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols were observed. Oral supplementation of resveratrol is thus found to be effective in improving glycemic control and may possibly provide a potential adjuvant for the treatment and management of diabetes. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Hira Choudhury
                Prashant Kesharwani
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Tradit Complement Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Tradit Complement Med
                Title: Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2225-4110
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 November 2017
                Publication date Collection: July 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 November 2017
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 361-376
                Affiliations
                [a ]International Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                [b ]Faculty of Pharmacy, Lincoln University College, Petalling Jaya, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, 47301, Malaysia
                [c ]Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. International Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. HiraChoudhury@ 123456imu.edu.my
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India. prashantdops@ 123456gmail.com Prashant_pharmacy04@ 123456rediffmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2225-4110(17)30104-9
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.08.012
                PMC ID: 6035310
                PubMed ID: 29992107
                SO-VID: f7e5e697-cf71-4644-9df9-055feda6d846
                Copyright © © 2017 Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University. Production and hosting by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 21 June 2017
                Date revision received : 15 August 2017
                Date accepted : 16 August 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: herbal medicine,insulin secretion,insulin resistivity,active component,diabetes control
                Data availability:
                Keywords: herbal medicine, insulin secretion, insulin resistivity, active component, diabetes control

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