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      Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis: Taurine and Its Association With Colorectal Carcinoma

      review-article
      1 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,
      Cancer Medicine
      John Wiley and Sons Inc.
      biomarker, colon cancer, metabolomics, NMR, taurine

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          ABSTRACT

          Background

          Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers. Various options are available for treatment, but prognosis is still poor in the more advanced stages. Current screening methods are not as accurate for distinguishing between benign and malignant growths, resulting in unnecessary invasive procedures. Recently a focus has been placed on identifying metabolites. Of these, taurine has frequently been detected, and this particular compound has a multifactorial role in human physiology.

          Methods

          We conducted a systematic review of studies up till November 2023. Searches were done in three databases‐ MEDLINE, CINAHL‐Ebsco, and PubMed. Three independent reviewers filter titles, abstracts, and full‐texts according to selection criteria. Ten studies (samples = 1714) were identified showing a differential level of taurine in CRC patient samples. Quality assessment accounted for the risk of bias of each study using the ‘robvis’ tool. Where meaningful comparisons could be made, meta‐analyses were carried out using the ‘R' program for precalculated effect sizes with ‘metagen’ in R. The ‘meta’ package was utilised for creation of forest plots.

          Findings

          Taurine was shown to significantly increase odds of CRC. It was also significantly associated with being a discriminator for CRC as a diagnostic metabolite. This was maintained at various stages of CRC. Taurine had increased expression in CRC patients, especially when the matrix utilised was blood. Nevertheless, there was significant heterogeneity for some outcomes.

          Interpretation

          In conclusion, these findings highlight the potential of using taurine as well as other bile acid metabolites (lithocholic and ursodeoxycholic acid) to diagnose CRC and illustrate the link with microbiome interactions. Overall increased taurine concentration are associated with significantly increased odds for CRC. There was mostly an increase in relative expression of taurine in CRC samples, excluding results from Wang et al.

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          Most cited references52

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          Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

          This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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            The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

            The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.
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              QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies.

              In 2003, the QUADAS tool for systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies was developed. Experience, anecdotal reports, and feedback suggested areas for improvement; therefore, QUADAS-2 was developed. This tool comprises 4 domains: patient selection, index test, reference standard, and flow and timing. Each domain is assessed in terms of risk of bias, and the first 3 domains are also assessed in terms of concerns regarding applicability. Signalling questions are included to help judge risk of bias. The QUADAS-2 tool is applied in 4 phases: summarize the review question, tailor the tool and produce review-specific guidance, construct a flow diagram for the primary study, and judge bias and applicability. This tool will allow for more transparent rating of bias and applicability of primary diagnostic accuracy studies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                a.acharjee@bham.ac.uk
                Journal
                Cancer Med
                Cancer Med
                10.1002/(ISSN)2045-7634
                CAM4
                Cancer Medicine
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2045-7634
                04 December 2024
                December 2024
                : 13
                : 23 ( doiID: 10.1002/cam4.v13.23 )
                : e70424
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
                [ 2 ] MRC Health Data Research UK (HDR UK) Birmingham UK
                [ 3 ] Institute of Translational Medicine University Hospitals Birmingham NHS, Foundation Trust Birmingham UK
                [ 4 ] Centre for Health Data Research University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence:

                Animesh Acharjee ( a.acharjee@ 123456bham.ac.uk )

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2735-7010
                Article
                CAM470424 CAM4-2024-08-4743.R1
                10.1002/cam4.70424
                11617591
                39632512
                f7f49cf4-7deb-4e4e-be01-1a065d0f5c8d
                © 2024 The Author(s). Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 September 2024
                : 19 August 2024
                : 04 November 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Pages: 11, Words: 7300
                Funding
                Funded by: Health Data Research UK , doi 10.13039/501100023699;
                Funded by: NIHR Birmingham SRMRC
                Categories
                Review
                Review
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                December 2024
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.5.1 mode:remove_FC converted:05.12.2024

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                biomarker,colon cancer,metabolomics,nmr,taurine
                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                biomarker, colon cancer, metabolomics, nmr, taurine

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