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      Extensive Metabolite Profiling in the Unexploited Organs of Black Tiger for Their Potential Valorization in the Pharmaceutical Industry

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          Abstract

          Black tiger ( Kadsura coccinea (Lem.)) has been reported to hold enormous pharmaceutical potential. The fruit and rhizome of black tiger are highly exploited in the pharmaceutical and other industries. However, the most important organs from the plant such as the leaf and stem are considered biowastes mainly because a comprehensive metabolite profile has not been reported in these organs. Knowledge of the metabolic landscape of the unexploited black tiger organs could help identify and isolate important compounds with pharmaceutical and nutritional values for a better valorization of the species. In this study, we used a widely targeted metabolomics approach to profile the metabolomes of the K. coccinea leaf (KL) and stem (KS) and compared them with the root (KR). We identified 642, 650 and 619 diverse metabolites in KL, KS and KR, respectively. A total of 555 metabolites were mutually detected among the three organs, indicating that the leaf and stem organs may also hold potential for medicinal, nutritional and industrial applications. Most of the differentially accumulated metabolites between organs were enriched in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism and 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism pathways. In addition, several important organ-specific metabolites were detected in K. coccinea. In conclusion, we provide extensive metabolic information to stimulate black tiger leaf and stem valorization in human healthcare and food.

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          Most cited references60

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          KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes.

          M Kanehisa (2000)
          KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a knowledge base for systematic analysis of gene functions, linking genomic information with higher order functional information. The genomic information is stored in the GENES database, which is a collection of gene catalogs for all the completely sequenced genomes and some partial genomes with up-to-date annotation of gene functions. The higher order functional information is stored in the PATHWAY database, which contains graphical representations of cellular processes, such as metabolism, membrane transport, signal transduction and cell cycle. The PATHWAY database is supplemented by a set of ortholog group tables for the information about conserved subpathways (pathway motifs), which are often encoded by positionally coupled genes on the chromosome and which are especially useful in predicting gene functions. A third database in KEGG is LIGAND for the information about chemical compounds, enzyme molecules and enzymatic reactions. KEGG provides Java graphics tools for browsing genome maps, comparing two genome maps and manipulating expression maps, as well as computational tools for sequence comparison, graph comparison and path computation. The KEGG databases are daily updated and made freely available (http://www. genome.ad.jp/kegg/).
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            A novel integrated method for large-scale detection, identification, and quantification of widely targeted metabolites: application in the study of rice metabolomics.

            Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics has been facilitated by the construction of MS(2) spectral tag (MS2T) library from the total scan ESI MS/MS data, and the development of widely targeted metabolomics method using MS/MS data gathered from authentic standards. In this report, a novel strategy called stepwise multiple ion monitoring-enhanced product ions (stepwise MIM-EPI) was developed to construct the MS2T library, in which stepwise MIM was used as survey scans to trigger the acquisition of EPI. A total number of 698 (almost) non-redundant metabolites with MS(2) spectra were obtained, of which 135 metabolites were identified/annotated. Integrating the data gathered from our MS2T library and other available multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) information, a widely targeted metabolomics method was developed to quantify 277 metabolites, including some phytohormones. Evaluation of the dehydration responses and natural variations of these metabolites in rice leaf not only suggested the coordinated regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) with metabolites such as serotonin derivative(s), polyamine conjugates under drought stress, but also revealed some C-glycosylated flavones as the potential markers for the discrimination of indica and japonica rice subspecies. The new MS2T library construction and widely targeted metabolomics strategy could be used as a tool for rice functional genomics.
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              OPLS discriminant analysis: combining the strengths of PLS-DA and SIMCA classification

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Life (Basel)
                Life (Basel)
                life
                Life
                MDPI
                2075-1729
                10 June 2021
                June 2021
                : 11
                : 6
                : 544
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Mountain Resources, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550001, China; nf1985@ 123456yeah.net (J.G.); weili_55@ 123456163.com (W.L.)
                [2 ]State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control of China, School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
                [3 ]Guizhou Industry Polytechnic College, Guiyang 550008, China; zhouwei_460@ 123456163.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: xiongkn@ 123456163.com
                Article
                life-11-00544
                10.3390/life11060544
                8229443
                f801ad31-cde8-4ceb-b72c-e697e2643eec
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 23 April 2021
                : 08 June 2021
                Categories
                Communication

                black tiger,metabolite profile,polyphenol,nutraceutical,plant valorization,medicinal plant

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