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      Genetische Risikofaktoren und ihre Auswirkungen auf die neurale Entwicklung bei Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen Translated title: Genetic risk factors and their influence on neural development in autism spectrum disorders

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          Abstract

          Zusammenfassung. Die Ätiologie der Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen (ASS) ist in genetischen Risikofaktoren sowie der Interaktion von genetischen und biologisch wirksamen Umweltrisikofaktoren begründet. ASS werden aufgrund von Verhaltensmerkmalen, nämlich bleibend eingeschränkter sozialer Kommunikation, sowie durch stereotypes Verhalten, sensorische und Sonderinteressen diagnostiziert. Hinsichtlich des genetischen Hintergrundes besteht eine hohe genetische Heterogenität, d. h., die genetischen Ursachen sind vielfältig und individuell oft sehr unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Allerdings konvergieren diese Ursachen in bestimmten biologischen Mechanismen und überlappenden biologischen Endstrecken, deren Veränderung sehr wahrscheinlich den autismusspezifischen Verhaltensmerkmalen zugrunde liegt. Die vorliegende, selektive Literaturübersicht summiert die genetischen Befunde und fokusiert sich insbesondere auf Mechanismen und Endstrecken, die aufgrund der neueren Forschung immer besser charakterisiert werden. Der Artikel schließt mit Hinweisen zur klinischen Relevanz der aktuellen Befunde sowie offenen Fragen der translationalen Forschung.

          Genetic risk factors and their influence on neural development in autism spectrum disorders

          Abstract. Abstract. Autism spectrum disorders are etiologically based on genetic and specific gene x biologically relevant environmental risk factors. They are diagnosed based on behavioral characteristics, such as impaired social communication and stereotyped, repetitive behavior and sensory as well as special interests. The genetic background is heterogeneous, i. e., it comprises diverse genetic risk factors across the disorder and high interindividual differences of specific genetic risk factors. Nevertheless, risk factors converge regarding underlying biological mechanisms and shared pathways, which likely cause the autism-specific behavioral characteristics. The current selective literature review summarizes differential genetic risk factors and focuses particularly on mechanisms and pathways currently being discussed by international research. In conclusion, clinically relevant aspects and open translational research questions are presented.

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          The neurology of mTOR.

          The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a crucial cellular signaling hub that, like the nervous system itself, integrates internal and external cues to elicit critical outputs including growth control, protein synthesis, gene expression, and metabolic balance. The importance of mTOR signaling to brain function is underscored by the myriad disorders in which mTOR pathway dysfunction is implicated, such as autism, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacological manipulation of mTOR signaling holds therapeutic promise and has entered clinical trials for several disorders. Here, we review the functions of mTOR signaling in the normal and pathological brain, highlighting ongoing efforts to translate our understanding of cellular physiology into direct medical benefit for neurological disorders.
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            Role of mTOR Complexes in Neurogenesis

            Dysregulation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders, including epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates the intracellular signals to control cell growth, nutrient metabolism, and protein translation. mTOR regulates many functions in the development of the brain, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, and dendrite formation. In addition, mTOR is important in synaptic formation and plasticity. Abnormalities in mTOR activity is linked with severe deficits in nervous system development, including tumors, autism, and seizures. Dissecting the wide-ranging roles of mTOR activity during critical periods in development will greatly expand our understanding of neurogenesis.
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              Autism genes keep turning up chromatin.

              Autism-spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex genetic disorders collectively characterized by impaired social interactions and language as well as repetitive and restrictive behaviors. Of the hundreds of genes implicated in ASD, those encoding proteins acting at neuronal synapses have been most characterized by candidate gene studies. However, recent unbiased genome-wide analyses have turned up a multitude of novel candidate genes encoding nuclear factors implicated in chromatin remodeling, histone demethylation, histone variants, and the recognition of DNA methylation. Furthermore, the chromatin landscape of the human genome has been shown to influence the location of de novo mutations observed in ASD as well as the landscape of DNA methylation underlying neurodevelopmental and synaptic processes. Understanding the interactions of nuclear chromatin proteins and DNA with signal transduction pathways and environmental influences in the developing brain will be critical to understanding the relevance of these ASD candidate genes and continued uncovering of the "roots" of autism etiology.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                kij
                Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie
                Hogrefe AG, Bern
                1422-4917
                1664-2880
                15. Juni 2021
                06. Mai 2022
                : 50
                : 3
                : 187-202
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
                Author notes
                Prof. Christine M. Freitag, MD, MA, Direktorin, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland c.freitag@ 123456em.uni-frankfurt.de
                Article
                kij_50_3_187
                10.1024/1422-4917/a000803
                f8294fbd-f345-43ae-a494-ed8e3f92ddf8
                Distributed as a Hogrefe OpenMind article under the license CC BY-NC 4.0 ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0)

                Distributed as a Hogrefe OpenMind article under the license CC BY-NC 4.0 ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0)

                History
                : 13. November 2020
                : 11. März 2021
                Funding
                Förderung: Open-Access-Veröffentlichung ermöglicht durch Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
                Categories
                Übersichtsarbeit

                Pediatrics,Psychology,Family & Child studies,Development studies,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                SNV,genetische Varianten,Epigenetik,Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen,epigenetics,CNV,biologische Netzwerke,biological networks,genetic variants,autism spectrum disorders

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