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      Case series of unusual cases of hypothyroidism-induced pericardial effusion

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          A BSTRACT

          Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder with a high worldwide prevalence and diverse clinical presentation and can affect multiple organ systems. It can be asymptomatic and subclinical or overtly symptomatic and can prove to be fatal if left untreated. It is an established cause of pericardial effusion, which can rarely lead to cardiac tamponade and severe haemodynamic instability. Herein, we present a few unusual case reports of patients presenting with hypothyroidism with varied causes who presented with tamponade.

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          Most cited references15

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          Pericardial diseases in patients with hypothyroidism.

          Hypothyroidism is a well-known cause of pericardial effusion (with an incidence of 3%-37%) and can cause cardiac tamponade in severe cases. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the epidemiology of hypothyroid-induced pericardial diseases, the mechanism through which low thyroid hormone levels affect the pericardium, the associated clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests and management options. Hypothyroidism causes pericardial effusion through increased permeability of the epicardial vessels and decreased lymphatic drainage of albumin, resulting in accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space. Interestingly, autoimmunity does not seem to play a major role in the pathophysiology, and a majority of effusions are asymptomatic due to slow fluid accumulation. The diagnosis is generally made when the pericardial disease is associated with an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone level, and other secondary causes are excluded. Management consists of thyroid replacement therapy, along with pericardial drainage in case of tamponade.In conclusion, hypothyroidism-induced pericardial diseases are underdiagnosed. Initiating treatment early in the disease process and preventing complications relies on early diagnosis through systematic screening per guidelines.
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            Pregnancy and pituitary disorders: Challenges in diagnosis and management

            Pregnancy is associated with normal physiological changes in endocrine system that assists fetal survival as well as preparation of labor. The pituitary gland is one of the most affected organs in which major changes in anatomy and physiology take place. Due to overlapping clinical and biochemical features of pregnancy, sometimes the diagnosis of pituitary disorders may be challenging. It is important to know what normal parameters of changes occur in endocrine system in order to diagnose and manage complex endocrine problems in pregnancy. In our present review, we will focus on pituitary disorders that occur exclusively during pregnancy like Sheehan's syndrome and lymphocytic hypophysitis and pre-existing pituitary disorders (like prolactinoma, Cushing's disease and acromegaly), which poses significant challenge to endocrinologists.
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              Cardiac tamponade as a presenting manifestation of severe hypothyroidism.

              We report a patient who presented to our hospital with unusual symptoms of non-specific complaints and uncontrolled hypertension. Acute cardiac tamponade was suspected from cardiomegaly on routine chest x-ray and confirmed with an echocardiogram. Analysis of the pericardial fluid and other laboratory data ruled out all the common causes except for hypothyroidism as a cause of cardiac tamponade. Tamponade results from increased intrapericardial pressure caused by the accumulation of pericardial fluid. The rapidity of fluid accumulation is a greater factor in the development of tamponade than absolute volume of the effusion. Hypothyroidism is a well-known cause of pericardial effusion. However, tamponade rarely develops owing to a slow rate of accumulation of pericardial fluid. The treatment of hypothyroidic cardiac tamponade is different from other conditions. Thyroxine supplementation is all that is necessary. Rarely, pericardiocentesis is needed in a severely symptomatic patient.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Family Med Prim Care
                J Family Med Prim Care
                JFMPC
                J Family Med Prim Care
                Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
                Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )
                2249-4863
                2278-7135
                July 2024
                28 June 2024
                : 13
                : 7
                : 2776-2779
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Internal Medicine, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Tanvi Sirohi, A2/311 Sunrise Apartments, Sector 13, Rohini, New Delhi - 110 085, Delhi, India. E-mail: sirohitanvi@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                JFMPC-13-2776
                10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1399_23
                11272032
                f8323b14-5fa5-4896-a7f6-b3ac1257c8bf
                Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

                This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                : 24 August 2023
                : 23 January 2024
                : 11 February 2024
                Categories
                Case Series

                cardiac tamponade,central hypothyroidism,hypothyroid,myxoedema coma,pericardial effusion,pericardiocentesis

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