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      The Microbiome in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma-Exposed Controls: An Exploratory Study

      research-article
      , PhD 1 , , PhD 1 , , MMed (Psych) 1 , , BS 2 , 3 , , MS 4 , 5 , , BS 6 , , PhD 3 , 7 , , MS 7 , , PhD 8 , , BS 9 , , MS 8 , , BS 7 , , Ir 10 , , PhD, Ir 11 , , PhD 12 , 13 , , PhD 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , , MD 13 , 16 , 17 , , ScD 3 , 7 , , PhD 2 , 3 , , PhD 8 , 9 , 18 , , MD, PhD 1 , , PhD 7 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 19 , 20
      Psychosomatic medicine
      childhood trauma, C-reactive protein, immunoregulation, inflammation, microbiome, posttraumatic stress disorder

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          Abstract

          Objective

          Inadequate immunoregulation and elevated inflammation may be risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and microbial inputs are important determinants of immunoregulation; however, the association between the gut microbiota and PTSD is unknown. This study investigated the gut microbiome in a South African sample of PTSD-affected individuals and trauma-exposed (TE) controls, to identify potential differences in microbial diversity or microbial community structure.

          Methods

          The Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) was used to diagnose PTSD according to DSM-5 criteria. Microbial DNA was extracted from stool samples obtained from 18 individuals with PTSD and 12 TE control participants. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene V3/V4 amplicons were generated and sequenced. Microbial community structure, alpha-diversity, and beta-diversity were analyzed; random forest analysis was used to identify associations between bacterial taxa and PTSD.

          Results

          There were no differences between PTSD and TE control groups in alpha- or beta-diversity measures (e.g., alpha-diversity, Shannon index, t = 0.386, P = .70; beta diversity, based on analysis of similarities (ANOSIM), Bray Curtis test statistic = −0.033, P = .70); however, random forests analysis highlighted three phyla as important to distinguish PTSD status: Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Verrucomicrobia. Decreased total abundance of these taxa was associated with higher PTSD CAPS scores ( r = −.387, P = .035).

          Conclusions

          In this exploratory study, measures of overall microbial diversity were similar among individuals with PTSD and TE controls; however, decreased total abundance of Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Verrucomicrobia was associated with PTSD status.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          0376505
          6793
          Psychosom Med
          Psychosom Med
          Psychosomatic medicine
          0033-3174
          1534-7796
          4 July 2017
          October 2017
          01 October 2018
          : 79
          : 8
          : 936-946
          Affiliations
          [1 ]Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
          [2 ]Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
          [3 ]Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
          [4 ]Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
          [5 ]U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, CART-CL Program, Denver, CO, USA
          [6 ]Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
          [7 ]Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
          [8 ]Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
          [9 ]Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
          [10 ]NXT-Dx, Gent, Belgium
          [11 ]Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bio-informatics, University Gent, Gent, Belgium
          [12 ]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, United States Air Force Academy, CO, USA
          [13 ]Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE)
          [14 ]Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
          [15 ]Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
          [16 ]VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Denver, CO, USA
          [17 ]Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
          [18 ]Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
          [19 ]Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
          [20 ]Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
          Author notes
          [* ]Corresponding author: Christopher A. Lowry, Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA; Tel: 303-492-6029; Fax: 303-492-0811; christopher.lowry@ 123456colorado.edu
          [†]

          These authors contributed equally to this work

          Article
          PMC5763914 PMC5763914 5763914 nihpa889683
          10.1097/PSY.0000000000000512
          5763914
          28700459
          f8a5c8f1-a475-41ab-b283-68e3d04b4052
          History
          Categories
          Article

          posttraumatic stress disorder,microbiome,inflammation,immunoregulation,C-reactive protein,childhood trauma

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