Comparative cross-sectional study for understanding the burden of low back pain among public bus transport drivers

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Abstract

Background:

Even though low back pain (LBP) is common, some occupations pose a higher risk. Identifying these occupations and specific factors will help to reduce the suffering and burden. This study aims to compare the prevalence of chronic LBP among bus drivers and to find its association with some occupational factors.

Materials and Methods:

It is a cross-sectional study to compare prevalence of LBP and factors associated with it, in two groups of drivers ( n = 178) and nondrivers ( n = 184).

Results:

The 10 years’ percentage prevalence of LBP was found to be 70.8 and 51.6 among drivers and nondrivers respectively, whereas point prevalence in the same was 64.0 and 44.6. Drivers are at a higher risk for LBP with Odds ratio—2.270 (1.471–3.502). Risk factors such as prolonged sitting in one posture, night shifts, job dissatisfaction, tobacco use, and lack of exercise were significantly higher among drivers. Though the prevalence and intensity of LBP was higher among drivers, their number of leaves and hospital admitted days were less among drivers.

Conclusion:

This is a potential group for intervention as prevalence of LBP, neck pain, and most of the suspected risk factors were higher among the drivers. Drivers got less recovery time and had higher sequelae.

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Most cited references 29

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A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain.

S J Linton (2000)

The literature on psychological factors in neck and back pain was systematically searched and reviewed. To summarize current knowledge concerning the role of psychological variables in the etiology and development of neck and back pain. Recent conceptions of spinal pain, especially chronic back pain, have highlighted the role of psychological factors. Numerous studies subsequently have examined the effects of various psychological factors in neck and back pain. There is a need to review this material to ascertain what conclusions may be drawn. Medical and psychological databases and cross-referencing were used to locate 913 potentially relevant articles. A table of 37 studies was constructed, consisting only of studies with prospective designs to ensure quality. Each study was reviewed for the population studied, the psychological predictor variables, and the outcome. The available literature indicated a clear link between psychological variables and neck and back pain. The prospective studies indicated that psychological variables were related to the onset of pain, and to acute, subacute, and chronic pain. Stress, distress, or anxiety as well as mood and emotions, cognitive functioning, and pain behavior all were found to be significant factors. Personality factors produced mixed results. Although the level of evidence was low, abuse also was found to be a potentially significant factor. Psychological factors play a significant role not only in chronic pain, but also in the etiology of acute pain, particularly in the transition to chronic problems. Specific types of psychological variables emerge and may be important in distinct developmental time frames, also implying that assessment and intervention need to reflect these variables. Still, psychological factors account for only a portion of the variance, thereby highlighting the multidimensional view. Because the methodologic quality of the studies varied considerably, future research should focus on improving quality and addressing new questions such as the mechanism, the developmental time factor, and the relevance that these risk factors have for intervention.

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A cost-of-illness study of back pain in The Netherlands.

Roeland W. N. M. van Hout, B Koes, Lex Bouter (1995)

In this study we estimated the costs of back pain to society in The Netherlands in 1991 to be 1.7% of the GNP. The results also show that musculoskeletal diseases are the fifth most expensive disease category regarding hospital care, and the most expensive regarding work absenteeism and disablement. One-third of the hospital care costs and one-half of the costs of absenteeism and disablement due to musculoskeletal disease were due to back pain. The total direct medical costs of back pain were estimated at US$367.6 million. The total costs of hospital care due to back pain constituted the largest part of the direct medical costs and were estimated at US$200 million. The mean costs of hospital care for back pain per case were US$3856 for an inpatient and US$199 for an outpatient. The total indirect costs of back pain for the entire labour force in The Netherlands in 1991 were estimated at US$4.6 billion; US$3.1 billion was due to absenteeism and US$1.5 billion to disablement. The mean costs per case of absenteeism and disablement due to back pain were US$4622 and US$9493, respectively. The indirect costs constituted 93% of the total costs of back pain, the direct medical costs contributed only 7%. It is therefore concluded that back pain is not only a major medical problem but also a major economical problem.

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Estimating the global burden of low back pain attributable to combined occupational exposures.

Robert Phillips, Heidi D. Nelson, James Leigh … (2005)

There is little information about the global burden of non-traumatic low back pain (LBP) attributable to the effects of physical and psychosocial occupational stressors. Based on a review of the epidemiological evidence, occupation-specific relative risks were used to compute attributable proportions by age, gender, and geographical sub-region for the economically active population aged 15 and older. The reference group was professional/administrative workers; other risk categories were Low, clerical and sales; Moderate, operators (production workers) and service; and High, farmers. Worldwide, 37% of LBP was attributed to occupation, with twofold variation across regions. The attributable proportion was higher for men than women, because of higher participation in the labor force and in occupations with heavy lifting or whole-body vibration. Work-related LBP was estimated to cause 818,000 disability-adjusted life years lost annually. Occupational exposures to ergonomic stressors represent a substantial source of preventable back pain. Specific research on children is needed to quantify the global burden of disease due to child labor. 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indian J Occup Environ Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indian J Occup Environ Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): IJOEM

Title: Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )

ISSN (Print): 0973-2284

ISSN (Electronic): 1998-3670

Publication date (Print): Jan-Apr 2016

Volume: 20

Issue: 1

Pages: 26-30

Affiliations

[1]Department Jamsetji Tata School of Disaster Management, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Author notes

For correspondence: Dr. Abhijeet V. Jadhav, Room No. 5, Ground Floor, New Campus, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, In Front of Deonar Bus Depot, NV Purav Marg, Deonar, Chembur, Mumbai - 400 088, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: abhijeetjadhav1234@ 123456gmail.com

Article

Publisher ID: IJOEM-20-26

DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.183833

PMC ID: 4922272

PubMed ID: 27390476

SO-VID: f8aae163-4666-4b8b-ab43-1e4a38f02216

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Comparative cross-sectional study for understanding the burden of low back pain among public bus transport drivers

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Abstract

Background:

Materials and Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

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China Occupational Medicine

Most cited references 29

A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain.

A cost-of-illness study of back pain in The Netherlands.

Estimating the global burden of low back pain attributable to combined occupational exposures.

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