Possible New Role of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Hemodialysis Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

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Abstract

Aims: Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) levels in vascular cells, which may promote atherosclerosis progression. Methods: We studied the association between pre-dialysis plasma levels of VEGF and MCP-1 in 45 hemodialysis (HD) patients with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD) in conditions of increased oxidative stress (SOX). Results: Compared to the controls, HD patients, especially those with CVD, showed a significant increase in plasma concentrations of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), C-reactive protein (CRP), MCP-1 and VEGF. The levels of CRP, MCP-1 and VEGF were more increased in patients with CVD than in patients without CVD (all p < 0.01). VEGF strongly and positively correlated with MCP-1 only in HD patients with CVD. Additionally, both VEGF and MCP-1 were associated with Cu/Zn SOD in the whole HD group. Conclusion: For the first time our data indicate a correlation between VEGF and MCP-1 levels in HD patients with CVD in conditions of increased SOX. This interaction may reflect the new role of MCP-1 as an arteriogenic factor in HD patients with CVD.

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Most cited references 15

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The elephant in uremia: oxidant stress as a unifying concept of cardiovascular disease in uremia.

Peter Stenvinkel, R Hakim, Jonathan Himmelfarb … (2002)

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in uremic patients. In large cross-sectional studies of dialysis patients, traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and hypercholesterolemia have been found to have low predictive power, while markers of inflammation and malnutrition are highly correlated with cardiovascular mortality. However, the pathophysiology of the disease process that links uremia, inflammation, and malnutrition with increased cardiovascular complications is not well understood. We hereby propose the hypothesis that increased oxidative stress and its sequalae is a major contributor to increased atherosclerosis and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality found in uremia. This hypothesis is based on studies that conclusively demonstrate an increased oxidative burden in uremic patients, before and particularly after renal replacement therapies, as evidenced by higher concentrations of multiple biomarkers of oxidative stress. This hypothesis also provides a framework to explain the link that activated phagocytes provide between oxidative stress and inflammation (from infectious and non-infections causes) and the synergistic role that malnutrition (as reflected by low concentrations of albumin and/or antioxidants) contributes to the increased burden of cardiovascular disease in uremia. We further propose that retained uremic solutes such as beta-2 microglobulin, advanced glycosylated end products (AGE), cysteine, and homocysteine, which are substrates for oxidative injury, further contribute to the pro-atherogenic milieu of uremia. Dialytic therapy, which acts to reduce the concentration of oxidized substrates, improves the redox balance. However, processes related to dialytic therapy, such as the prolonged use of catheters for vascular access and the use of bioincompatible dialysis membranes, can contribute to a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative state and thus to a pro-atherogenic state. Anti-oxidative therapeutic strategies for patients with uremia are in their very early stages; nonetheless, early studies demonstrate the potential for significant efficacy in reducing cardiovascular complications.

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Induction of inflammatory angiogenesis by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.

L Brogelli, H. Augustin, M Ziche … (1999)

Almost any growth of tumors is to some extent associated with an inflammatory reaction which may be anti-tumorigenic by acting directly on tumor cells or protumorigenic cells presumably by inducing tumor-associated angiogenesis. In this study, we have analyzed the angiogenesis-inducing capacity of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a key regulatory molecule of monocyte trafficking to sites of inflammation. MCP-1 was found to be potently angiogenic when implanted into rabbit cornea, exerting potency similar to the specific angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A(121). MCP-1-induced angiogenesis in the cornea is associated with prominent recruitment of macrophages, whereas VEGF-A(121)-induced corneal angiogenesis is devoid of inflammatory cell recruitment. Based on these findings, we studied MCP-1 expression and macrophage recruitment in human invasive ductal mammary carcinomas in comparison with the physiological angiogenic processes in bovine ovarian corpus luteum. Macrophage recruitment was always associated with MCP-1 expression. High macrophage counts in mammary tumors corresponded with poor prognosis. In contrast, physiological ovarian angiogenesis was associated with only minimal inflammatory recruitment of macrophages. Our data show that MCP-1 is an indirect inflammation-associated inducer of angiogenesis and demonstrate distinct qualitative differences between tumor angiogenesis in human mammary tumors and physiological angiogenesis in the ovary. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Collateral artery growth (arteriogenesis) after experimental arterial occlusion is impaired in mice lacking CC-chemokine receptor-2.

Caroline S. Wagner, Silvia Tribulova, Tibor Ziegelhoeffer … (2004)

Arteriogenesis has been associated with the presence of monocytes/macrophages within the collateral vessel wall. Induced macrophage migration in vivo is driven by the binding of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, or CCL2 in the new nomenclature) to the CCR2-chemokine receptor on macrophages. To determine whether the CCL2-CCR2 signaling pathway is involved in the accumulation of macrophages in growing collateral vessels, we used mice that are deficient in CCR2 in a model of experimental arterial occlusion and collateral vessel growth. In an in vitro CCL2-driven chemotaxis assay, mononuclear cells isolated from wild-type BALB/c mice exhibited CCL2 concentration-dependent migration, whereas this migration was abolished in cells from CCR2(-/-) mice on a BALB/c genetic background. In vivo, blood flow recovery as measured by laser Doppler (LDI) and MRI (MRI) was impaired in CCR2(-/-) mice on either the BALB/c or C57BL/6 genetic backgrounds. Three weeks after femoral artery ligation, LDI perfusion ratio of operated versus nonoperated distal hindlimb in BALB/c wild-type mice increased to 0.45+/-0.06 and in CCR2(-/-) animals only to 0.21+/-0.03 (P<0.01). In C57BL/6 mice, ratio increased to 0.96+/-0.09 and 0.85+/-0.08 (P<0.05), respectively. MRI at 3 weeks (0.76+/-0.06 versus 0.62+/-0.01; P<0.05) and hemoglobin oxygen saturation measurements confirmed these findings. Active foot movement score significantly decreased and gastrocnemius muscle atrophy was significantly greater in CCR2(-/-) mice. Morphometric analysis showed a lesser increase in collateral vessel diameters in CCR2(-/-) mice. Importantly, the number of invaded monocytes/macrophages in the perivascular space of collateral arteries of CCR2(-/-) animals was dramatically reduced in comparison to wild-type mice. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the CCR2 signaling pathway is essential for efficient collateral artery growth.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): AJN

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Am J Nephrol

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0250-8095

Title: American Journal of Nephrology

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 0250-8095

ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9670

Publication date Subscription-year: 2004

Publication date (Print): December 2004

Publication date (Electronic): 28 February 2005

Volume: 24

Issue: 6

Pages: 635-640

Affiliations

^aDepartment of Nephrology and Clinical Transplantation and ^bDepartment of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Białystok, Poland

Article

Publisher ID: 82936 Other ID: Am J Nephrol 2004;24:635–640

DOI: 10.1159/000082936

PubMed ID: 15627719

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