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      COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING INDICATORS FOR CHILDREN AGED 6 TO 23 MONTHS ACCORDING TO BREASTFEEDING STATUS Translated title: INDICADORES DE ALIMENTAÇÃO COMPLEMENTAR PARA CRIANÇAS DE 6 A 23 MESES SEGUNDO O ESTADO DE AMAMENTAÇÃO

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          To verify if there are differences among the complementary feeding indicators of children aged 6-23 months according to the breastfeeding status.

          Methods:

          A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1,355 children aged 6-23 months in 2012 to evaluate five indicators proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and modified in accordance with Brazilian’s recommendations “Ten steps to a healthy feeding: a feeding guide for children under two years old”. The indicators used were: I. Introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods; II. Minimum dietary diversity; III. Minimum meal frequency; IV. Minimum acceptable diet, and V. Consumption of iron-rich foods. To verify differences between the complementary feeding indicators according to breastfeeding status, the F-statistic was used, with p≤0.05 meaning significant.

          Results:

          Indicators I, II, and V were similar among breastfed and non-breastfed children; however, indicators III and IV presented a higher proportion of adequacy for non-breastfed children, with 94.9% (CI95% 93.2-96.2) versus 40.3% (CI95% 33.2-47.9) for indicator III, and 57.3% (CI95% 53.2-61.2) versus 23.1% (CI95% 17.4-30.1) for indicator IV.

          Conclusions:

          Non-breastfed children have better complementary feeding status, but the indicator III takes into account non-breast milk as a meal for non-breastfed children, which increased the number of dairy meals and influenced indicator IV (calculated from indicators II and III).

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Verificar se existem diferenças entre os indicadores de alimentação complementar de crianças de 6 a 23 meses segundo o estado de amamentação.

          Métodos:

          Estudo transversal realizado em 2012 com 1.355 crianças de 6 a 23 meses de idade com avaliação de cinco indicadores propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e modificados com base nas recomendações dos Dez passos para uma alimentação saudável : guia alimentar para crianças menores de dois anos , do Ministério da Saúde. Os indicadores utilizados foram: I. Introdução de alimentos sólidos, semissólidos ou pastosos; II. Diversidade mínima da dieta; III. Frequência mínima das refeições; IV. Dieta mínima aceitável; e V. Consumo de alimentos ricos em ferro. Para verificar diferenças entre os indicadores de alimentação complementar segundo o estado de amamentação foi empregada a estatística F, sendo significante p≤0,05.

          Resultados:

          Os indicadores I, II e V foram semelhantes entre as crianças amamentadas e não amamentadas, porém os indicadores III e IV apresentaram maior proporção de adequação para as não amamentadas: para o indicador III, 94,9% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 93,2-96,2) versus 40,3% (IC95% 33,2-47,9), e para o indicador IV, 57,3% (IC95% 53,2-61,2) versus 23,1% (IC95% 17,4-30,1).

          Conclusões:

          As crianças não amamentadas apresentaram melhor situação de alimentação complementar, porém o indicador III leva em consideração o leite não materno como refeição para crianças não amamentadas, o que elevou o número de refeições lácteas e influenciou o indicador IV, calculado a partir dos indicadores II e III.

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          Most cited references24

          • Record: found
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          Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.

          The importance of breastfeeding in low-income and middle-income countries is well recognised, but less consensus exists about its importance in high-income countries. In low-income and middle-income countries, only 37% of children younger than 6 months of age are exclusively breastfed. With few exceptions, breastfeeding duration is shorter in high-income countries than in those that are resource-poor. Our meta-analyses indicate protection against child infections and malocclusion, increases in intelligence, and probable reductions in overweight and diabetes. We did not find associations with allergic disorders such as asthma or with blood pressure or cholesterol, and we noted an increase in tooth decay with longer periods of breastfeeding. For nursing women, breastfeeding gave protection against breast cancer and it improved birth spacing, and it might also protect against ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes. The scaling up of breastfeeding to a near universal level could prevent 823,000 annual deaths in children younger than 5 years and 20,000 annual deaths from breast cancer. Recent epidemiological and biological findings from during the past decade expand on the known benefits of breastfeeding for women and children, whether they are rich or poor.
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            Complementary feeding practices: Current global and regional estimates

            Insufficient quantities and inadequate quality of complementary foods, together with poor feeding practices, pose a threat to children's health and nutrition. Interventions to improve complementary feeding are critical to reduce all forms of malnutrition, and access to data to ascertain the status of complementary feeding practices is essential for efforts to improve feeding behaviours. However, sufficient data to generate estimates for the core indicators covering the complementary feeding period only became available recently. The current situation of complementary feeding at the global and regional level is reported here using data contained within the UNICEF global database. Global rates of continued breastfeeding drop from 74.0% at 1 year of age to 46.3% at 2 years of age. Nearly a third of infants 4–5 months old are already fed solid foods, whereas nearly 20% of 10–11 months old had not consumed solid foods during the day prior to their survey. Of particular concern is the low rate (28.2%) of children 6–23 months receiving at least a minimally diverse diet. Although rates for all indicators vary by background characteristics, feeding behaviours are suboptimal even in richest households, suggesting that cultural factors and poor knowledge regarding an adequate diet for young children are important to address. In summary, far too few children are benefitting from minimum complementary feeding practices. Efforts are needed not only to improve children's diets for their survival, growth, and development but also for governments to report on progress against global infant and young child feeding indicators on a regular basis.
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              Factors associated with inappropriate complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 months in Tanzania.

              Inappropriate complementary feeding is one of the major causes of undernutrition among young children in Tanzania. Prevalence of newly developed World Health Organization complementary feeding indicators and their associated factors were determined among 2402 children aged 6-23 months in Tanzania using data from the 2010 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey. The survey used a multistage cluster sample of 10 300 households from the eight geographical zones in the country. The prevalence of the introduction of soft, semi-solid or solid foods among infants aged 6-8 months was 92.3%. Of all the children aged 6-23 months, the prevalence of minimum dietary diversity, meal frequency and acceptable diet were 38.2%, 38.6% and 15.9%, respectively. Results from multivariate analyses indicated that the main risk factors for inappropriate complementary feeding practices in Tanzania include young child's age (6-11 months), lower level of paternal/maternal education, limited access to mass media, lack of post-natal check-ups, and poor economic status. Overall, complementary feeding practices in Tanzania, as measured by dietary diversity, meal frequency and acceptable diet, are not adequately met, and there is a need for interventions to improve the nutritional status of young children in Tanzania.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                rpp
                Revista Paulista de Pediatria
                Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo
                0103-0582
                1984-0462
                21 October 2020
                2021
                : 39
                : e2019408
                Affiliations
                [a ]Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
                [b ]School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: E-mail: pchuproski@ 123456unicentro.br (P.C. Saldan).

                The authors declare there is no conflict of interests.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3746-0268
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1008-1038
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5265-7467
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5359-9780
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7994-3375
                Article
                00430
                10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2019408
                7584029
                33111770
                f8cc87f9-f51b-49a4-85c0-f8b3aafdfd0d

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 18 December 2019
                : 23 March 2020
                : 16 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 30
                Categories
                Original Article

                indicators,infant,breast feeding,indicadores,lactente,aleitamento materno

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