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      Schlaf und Kognition bei Kindern und Jugendlichen Translated title: Sleep and cognition in children and adolescents

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          Abstract

          Zusammenfassung. In diesem Überblicksartikel beschäftigen wir uns mit einer der wichtigsten Aufgaben des Schlafs, nämlich der Förderung kognitiver Prozesse bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Bislang wurde überwiegend bei älteren Kindern und Jugendlichen beschrieben, dass der Schlaf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit auf komplexe Weise beeinflusst. Schon bei sehr jungen Kindern wurde nachgewiesen, dass der Schlaf eine fördernde Funktion in vielen Bereichen des Langzeitgedächtnisses aufweist. Hierzu gehören das Faktenwissen (deklaratives Gedächtnis) sowie das Erlernen von Sprache und das Lernen aus Belohnung. Hingegen fördert Schlaf bei Kindern die Konsolidierung motorischer Fertigkeiten nur unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen. Klinische Implikationen ergeben sich aus den Beobachtungen der Folgen von Schlafmangel bei Kindern und Jugendlichen aufgrund des frühen Schulbeginns, aber auch aus Untersuchungen von verschiedenen Störungsbildern wie der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS), dem Schlafapnoesyndrom und anderen Schlafstörungen. Nur teilweise wurde bisher gezeigt, dass eine Behandlung der Störungen des Schlafs auch zu verbesserten Kognitions- oder Gedächtnisleistungen führt. Dies bleibt eine Herausforderung zukünftiger Forschungsanstrengungen.

          Sleep and cognition in children and adolescents

          Abstract. In this review, one of the most important functions of sleep was described: Its role in promoting cognitive processes in children and adolescents. Particularly, studies of older children and adolescents revealed that sleep interacts in a complex manner with cognitive performance. Moreover, it was shown that sleep supports long-term memory even in young children. This is true for many different long-term memory systems such as memory of factual information (declarative memory), language acquisition, and for reward-related learning, but less so for learning motor skills. Clinical implications arise from observing the consequences of sleep deficits in children and adolescents due to early school hours or due to clinical conditions like attention deficits hyperactive disorder (ADHD), sleep apnea syndrome or other sleep disturbances. Current research has only partially shown that the treatment of sleep problems also benefits cognitive and memory performance. Filling this gap remains an opportunity for further research.

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          Most cited references138

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          Effects of sleep deprivation on cognition.

          Sleep deprivation is commonplace in modern society, but its far-reaching effects on cognitive performance are only beginning to be understood from a scientific perspective. While there is broad consensus that insufficient sleep leads to a general slowing of response speed and increased variability in performance, particularly for simple measures of alertness, attention and vigilance, there is much less agreement about the effects of sleep deprivation on many higher level cognitive capacities, including perception, memory and executive functions. Central to this debate has been the question of whether sleep deprivation affects nearly all cognitive capacities in a global manner through degraded alertness and attention, or whether sleep loss specifically impairs some aspects of cognition more than others. Neuroimaging evidence has implicated the prefrontal cortex as a brain region that may be particularly susceptible to the effects of sleep loss, but perplexingly, executive function tasks that putatively measure prefrontal functioning have yielded inconsistent findings within the context of sleep deprivation. Whereas many convergent and rule-based reasoning, decision making and planning tasks are relatively unaffected by sleep loss, more creative, divergent and innovative aspects of cognition do appear to be degraded by lack of sleep. Emerging evidence suggests that some aspects of higher level cognitive capacities remain degraded by sleep deprivation despite restoration of alertness and vigilance with stimulant countermeasures, suggesting that sleep loss may affect specific cognitive systems above and beyond the effects produced by global cognitive declines or impaired attentional processes. Finally, the role of emotion as a critical facet of cognition has received increasing attention in recent years and mounting evidence suggests that sleep deprivation may particularly affect cognitive systems that rely on emotional data. Thus, the extent to which sleep deprivation affects a particular cognitive process may depend on several factors, including the magnitude of global decline in general alertness and attention, the degree to which the specific cognitive function depends on emotion-processing networks, and the extent to which that cognitive process can draw upon associated cortical regions for compensatory support. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            Nocturnal melatonin patterns in children.

            Time patterns in nocturnal concentrations of circulating melatonin of children are quantified in 8 girls and 8 boys, 8.7-16.8 yr of age, classified by Tanner pubertal stage. Between 1900 and 0700 h, each provided blood samples at 30-min intervals for melatonin RIA. Associations with gender, body mass index, and chronological and pubertal age determined by multiple linear regression and ANOVA reveal that the area under the curve of 12-h melatonin concentrations was affected by pubertal rather than chronological age, an effect to which data collected during darkness contributed the most. Each data series was also analyzed by a least squares spectrum at frequencies of 1-20 cycles/day. Ultradian changes with periods of 3.4 and 1.5 h, putatively associated with rapid eye movement sleep cycles, characterize nocturnal melatonin in boys and girls.
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              Sleep loss in young adolescents.

              Effects of one night's sleep loss on nocturnal sleep, performance, and sleepiness were evaluated in 12 subjects (8 boys, 4 girls) whose ages ranged from 11.7 to 14.6 years. The magnitude and direction of sleep stage changes after sleep loss were comparable to similar findings in older subjects. Performance test decrements occurred for two measures during sleep deprivation. The performance decrements appeared to be related to episodes of sleep during the performance tests. Subjective measures of sleepiness showed a significant increase during sleep loss, with a complete recovery to basal levels after one night of sleep. The subjective ratings of sleepiness during sleep loss also showed a marked short-term dependence on preceding activity levels. Multiple sleep latency tests showed a marked reduction of sleep onset latency from 0530 throughout the day of sleep loss. In contrast to the subjective measures, sleep latency test scores did not vary with activity levels during sleep loss and did not recover to basal levels until the afternoon of the first recovery day. In general, there were no marked differences in the sleep loss response of young adolescents as compared to published reports of sleep loss in older subjects.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                kij
                Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie
                Hogrefe AG, Bern
                1422-4917
                1664-2880
                24. August 2018
                11. September 2018
                : 46
                Issue : 5 Issue title : Themenschwerpunkt: Schlaf und Schlafstörungen Issue title : Special section: und weitere Beiträge
                : 405-422
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie, Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel
                [ 2 ]Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel
                Author notes
                PD Dr. Alexander Prehn-Kristensen, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie, Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Niemannsweg 147, 24105 Kiel, Deutschland, E-Mail a.prehn@ 123456zip-kiel.de
                Article
                kij_46_5_405
                10.1024/1422-4917/a000614
                f8d27cc6-d798-462d-9758-5d7f0c81f42e
                Copyright @ 2018
                History
                : 23. Januar 2018
                : 9. Juli 2018
                Categories
                Übersichtsarbeit

                Pediatrics,Psychology,Family & Child studies,Development studies,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                adolescents,Schlaf,children,Gedächtnis,Kinder,memory,Kognition,Jugendliche,Sleep,cognition

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