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      Rickettsia typhi IN RODENTS AND R. felis IN FLEAS IN YUCATÁN AS A POSSIBLE CAUSAL AGENT OF UNDEFINED FEBRILE CASES Translated title: Rickettsia typhi y R. felis en roedores y sus pulgas en Yucatán como posible agente causal de casos febriles indefinidos

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          Abstract

          Rickettsia typhi is the causal agent of murine typhus; a worldwide zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease, commonly associated with the presence of domestic and wild rodents. Human cases of murine typhus in the state of Yucatán are frequent. However, there is no evidence of the presence of Rickettsia typhi in mammals or vectors in Yucatán. The presence of Rickettsia in rodents and their ectoparasites was evaluated in a small municipality of Yucatán using the conventional polymerase chain reaction technique and sequencing. The study only identified the presence of Rickettsia typhi in blood samples obtained from Rattus rattus and it reported, for the first time, the presence of R. felis in the flea Polygenis odiosus collected from Ototylomys phyllotis rodent. Additionally, Rickettsia felis was detected in the ectoparasite Ctenocephalides felis fleas parasitizing the wild rodent Peromyscus yucatanicus. This study’s results contributed to a better knowledge of Rickettsia epidemiology in Yucatán.

          Translated abstract

          Rickettsia typhi es el agente causal del tifo murino; una enfermedad zoonótica transmitida por vector mundialmente distribuida, comúnmente asociada con la presencia de roedores domésticos y silvestres. Los casos humanos de tifo murino en el Estado de Yucatán son frecuentes. Sin embargo, no existe evidencia de la presencia de Rickettsia typhi en mamíferos o vectores en Yucatán. En la búsqueda de vectores y reservorios de Rickettsia typhi, evaluamos la presencia de bacterias del género Rickettsia en roedores y sus ectoparásitos de un pequeño municipio del estado de Yucatán por medio de técnicas de PCR convencional y secuenciación de ADN. Se identificó la presencia de Rickettsia typhi en muestras de sangre obtenidas de Rattus rattus y reportamos por primera vez la presencia de Rickettsia felis en la pulga Polygenis odiosus colectado de Ototylomys phyllotis. Complementariamente, Rickettsia felis fue detectado en la pulga Ctenocephalides felis parasitando al roedor Peromyscus yucatanicus. No se identificó especie de Rickettsia en las muestras de sangre de O. phyllotis y P. yucatanicus analizados. Nuestros resultados contribuyen también en el conocimiento de ciclo de vida biológico del género Rickettsia.

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          Murine typhus: an unrecognized suburban vectorborne disease.

          Murine typhus, an acute febrile illness caused by Rickettsia typhi, is distributed worldwide. Mainly transmitted by the fleas of rodents, it is associated with cities and ports where urban rats (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus) are abundant. In the United States, cases are concentrated in suburban areas of Texas and California. Contrary to the classic rat-flea-rat cycle, the most important reservoirs of infection in these areas are opossums and cats. The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, has been identified as the principal vector. In Texas, murine typhus cases occur in spring and summer, whereas, in California, cases have been documented in summer and fall. Most patients present with fever, and many have rash and headache. Serologic testing with the indirect immunofluorescence assay is the preferred diagnostic method. Doxycycline is the antibiotic of choice and has been shown to shorten the course of illness.
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            Geographic Association of Rickettsia felis-Infected Opossums with Human Murine Typhus, Texas

            Application of molecular diagnostic technology in the past 10 years has resulted in the discovery of several new species of pathogenic rickettsiae, including Rickettsia felis. As more sequence information for rickettsial genes has become available, the data have been used to reclassify rickettsial species and to develop new diagnostic tools for analysis of mixed rickettsial pathogens. R. felis has been associated with opossums and their fleas in Texas and California. Because R. felis can cause human illness, we investigated the distribution dynamics in the murine typhus–endemic areas of these two states. The geographic distribution of R. felis-infected opossum populations in two well-established endemic foci overlaps with that of the reported human cases of murine typhus. Descriptive epidemiologic analysis of 1998 human cases in Corpus Christi, Texas, identified disease patterns consistent with studies done in the 1980s. A close geographic association of seropositive opossums (22% R. felis; 8% R. typhi) with human murine typhus cases was also observed.
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              Rats as indicators of the presence and dispersal of six zoonotic microbial agents in Cyprus, an island ecosystem: a seroepidemiological study.

              A total of 622 rats (402 Rattus norvegicus and 220 R. rattus frugivorus) were collected in 51 different areas in Cyprus during 2000-2003 and used as indicators of the presence and dispersal of six zoonotic microbial agents. IgG antibodies against Rickettsia typhi (241/496, 48.6%), R. conorii (209/500, 41.8%), Toxoplasma sp. (138/494, 27.9%), Coxiella burnetti (63/494, 12.8%), Bartonella henselae (52/494, 10.5%) and Leishmania infantum (36/494, 7.3%) were detected by indirect immunofluorescence test. There was variation in the association between the seropositivity of the six microbial agents and other factors. Rat species affected R. typhi and R. conorii seropositivity, the prefecture where the rats were caught affected R. typhi, C. burnetii, B. henselae, T. gondii and L. infantum, the sampling season impacted on R. typhi, R. conorii, T. gondii and L. infantum, and the flea species affected R. typhi, R. conorii and B. henselae. These results were analysed using geographical information system (GIS) technology and the seropositivity in rats against the pathogens tested appeared to follow the occurrence of these pathogens in humans. This suggests that rats could be used as disease sentinels and, together with GIS technology, they could be a useful tool for the identification of endemic foci and high-risk areas for each pathogen. Copyright © 2010 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo
                Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo
                rimtsp
                Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo
                Instituto de Medicina Tropical
                0036-4665
                1678-9946
                Mar-Apr 2015
                Mar-Apr 2015
                : 57
                : 2
                : 129-132
                Affiliations
                [(1) ]Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias I. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. México
                [(2) ]Laboratorio de Enfermedades Emergentes y Re-emergentes. Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. México
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to: ] Gaspar Peniche-Lara. Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias I. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Mérida Yucatán, México. Phone: (52 999) 9240554 ext 1161. Fax: (52 999) 9233297. E-mail: gaspar.peniche@ 123456uady.mx
                Article
                10.1590/S0036-46652015000200005
                4435010
                25923891
                f8feab26-b136-46f9-8e74-6bc73eccff9e

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 08 October 2013
                : 03 July 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 4
                Categories
                Bacteriology

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