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      Ten new genera of Agathidini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae) from Southeast Asia

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          The Agathidini ( Braconidae : Agathidinae ) genera of Southeast Asia are revised based on a phylogenetic analysis of COI and 28S. Ten new genera are proposed, i.e., Agathigma , Asperagathis , Chimaeragathis , Cymagathis , Liragathis , Leuroagathis , Scabagathis , Trochantagathis , Xanthagathis , and Zosteragathis . An illustrated key to the Southeast Asian genera of this tribe is presented. Species from Thailand are keyed and described for all genera of Agathidini except Bassus and Zosteragathis which have too many species for this publication and will be dealt with separately. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that Bassus s.s. is polyphyletic. However, there are no morphological characters to support this and we have retained the current concept of Bassus , which is basically those Agathidini with simple tarsal claws. Numerous new combinations are proposed based on species that are moved to the newly erected genera.

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          A Gross Anatomy Ontology for Hymenoptera

          Hymenoptera is an extraordinarily diverse lineage, both in terms of species numbers and morphotypes, that includes sawflies, bees, wasps, and ants. These organisms serve critical roles as herbivores, predators, parasitoids, and pollinators, with several species functioning as models for agricultural, behavioral, and genomic research. The collective anatomical knowledge of these insects, however, has been described or referred to by labels derived from numerous, partially overlapping lexicons. The resulting corpus of information—millions of statements about hymenopteran phenotypes—remains inaccessible due to language discrepancies. The Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO) was developed to surmount this challenge and to aid future communication related to hymenopteran anatomy. The HAO was built using newly developed interfaces within mx, a Web-based, open source software package, that enables collaborators to simultaneously contribute to an ontology. Over twenty people contributed to the development of this ontology by adding terms, genus differentia, references, images, relationships, and annotations. The database interface returns an Open Biomedical Ontology (OBO) formatted version of the ontology and includes mechanisms for extracting candidate data and for publishing a searchable ontology to the Web. The application tools are subject-agnostic and may be used by others initiating and developing ontologies. The present core HAO data constitute 2,111 concepts, 6,977 terms (labels for concepts), 3,152 relations, 4,361 sensus (links between terms, concepts, and references) and over 6,000 text and graphical annotations. The HAO is rooted with the Common Anatomy Reference Ontology (CARO), in order to facilitate interoperability with and future alignment to other anatomy ontologies, and is available through the OBO Foundry ontology repository and BioPortal. The HAO provides a foundation through which connections between genomic, evolutionary developmental biology, phylogenetic, taxonomic, and morphological research can be actualized. Inherent mechanisms for feedback and content delivery demonstrate the effectiveness of remote, collaborative ontology development and facilitate future refinement of the HAO.
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            A molecular phylogeny of the Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

            Phylogenetic relationships within the Aphidiinae, and between this and other subfamilies of Braconidae (Hymenoptera), were investigated using sequence data from three genes: elongation factor-1alpha, cytochrome b, and the second expansion segment of the 28S ribosomal subunit. Variation in both protein-coding genes was characterized by a high level of homoplasy, but analysis of the expansion segment--robust over a range of alignment methods and parameters-resolved some of the older divergences. Parsimony analysis of the combined data suggests the following tribal relationships: (Ephedrini + (Praini + (Aphidiini + Trioxini))). In addition, the cyclostome subfamilies were found to form a clade separate from the Aphidiinae, but relationships between the Aphidiinae and the noncyclostome braconids could not be resolved. The inferred phylogeny also supported a secondary loss of internal pupation within the Praini and a polyphyletic origin of endoparasitism within the Braconidae.
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              Revision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with comparisons of static and dynamic alignments

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                ZooKeys
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2017
                13 March 2017
                : 660
                : 107-150
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Michael J. Sharkey ( msharkey@ 123456uky.edu )

                Academic editor: Pavel Stoev

                Article
                10.3897/zookeys.660.12390
                5549531
                f906604d-fc45-4d23-b77f-eba338365ddf
                Michael J. Sharkey, Eric Chapman

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 February 2017
                : 24 February 2017
                Categories
                Research Article

                Animal science & Zoology
                taxonomy,systematics,agathigma,asperagathis,chimaeragathis,cymagathis,liragathis,leuroagathis,scabagathis,trochantagathis,xanthagathis,zosteragathis,animalia,hymenoptera,braconidae

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