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      Connecting undergraduate and postgraduate medical education through an elective EPA-based transitional year in acute care: an early project report Translated title: Verbindung von Studium und Facharztausbildung durch ein elektives, EPA-basiertes letztes Studienjahr in der Akutmedizin: Ein erster Projektbericht

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          Abstract

          Objective: A well-designed final year may ease the transition from medical school to postgraduate training, if it has enough depth to enable the acquisition of early specialty expertise, while keeping enough breadth to support the graduation as all-round physician. Aim of this article is to describe the design of a multidisciplinary dedicated transitional year (DTY) around the theme of recognition and initial treatment of vitally threatened patients.

          Methods: Undergraduate and postgraduate training directors from the departments of Anaesthesiology, Cardiology, Emergency Medicine, Intensive Care Medicine and Respiratory Medicine at UMC Utrecht and partnering hospitals have collaboratively developed and implemented a curriculum for a final year focusing on three entrustable professional activities (EPAs) in the domain of acute care. These EPAs represent authentic tasks of starting residents in each of the participating specialties, align student training objectives with postgraduate expectations, and are the primary focus of learning, teaching, and assessment throughout the year. Students are developmentally supported by a mentor and educationally supported by monthly academic half days.

          Results: Between October 2014 and November 2016,, 47 students chose DTY Acute Care. The set-up of our DTY is inspiring other specialties to develop multidisciplinary DTYs. Attainment of clinical competence, experience of students and staff, and exploration of graduates’ early careers are subjects of current research projects.

          Conclusion: This multidisciplinary dedicated transitional year aims to graduate students with profile-specific competence in acute care. It prepares for residency in a range of specialties.

          Zusammenfassung

          Zielsetzung: Ein gut gestaltetes letztes Studienjahr („praktisches Jahr” oder „Übergangsjahr“) kann den Übergang von Studium zu Facharztweiterbildung vereinfachen, wenn es ausreichend fachliche Tiefe zur frühen Aneignung von fachspezifischer Erfahrung bietet, ohne dabei die vollständige Bandbreite medizinischer Ausbildung zum praktischen Arzt zu vernachlässigen. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die Gestaltung eines multidisziplinären letzten Studienjahres („dedicated transitional year“, DTY) rund um die Erkennung und Erstbehandlung von vital bedrohten Patienten zu beschreiben.

          Methoden: Die Lehrbeauftragten für Studenten- und Facharztausbildung der Anästhesiologie, Kardiologie, Notfallmedizin, Intensivmedizin und Pulmologie der Uniklinik Utrecht (Universitätsmedizinisches Zentrum, UMC) und seiner Lehrkrankenhäuser entwickelten und implementierten gemeinsam ein Curriculum für ein letztes Studienjahr, welches sich auf drei APT („anvertraubare professionelle Tätigkeit“, engl. „entrustable professional activity“, EPA) aus der Akutmedizin stützt. Diese APT repräsentieren tatsächliche Tätigkeiten beginnender Ärzte der teilnehmenden Fächer, gleichen die Lernziele der Studenten an diese zukünftigen Tätigkeiten an, und sind der Kern für Lernen, Lehre und Beurteilung während dieses Jahres. Die Studenten werden in ihrer Entwicklung durch einen Mentor unterstützt, und es findet monatlicher Unterricht statt.

          Ergebnisse: Zwischen Oktober 2014 und November 2016 haben sich 47 Studenten für das DTY Akutmedizin entschieden. Die Einrichtung unseres DTY inspiriert andere Fachrichtungen, ebenfalls multidisziplinäre DTYs zu entwickeln. Die erlangte klinische Kompetenz, die Erfahrungen von Studenten und Mitarbeitern sowie die beginnenden Karrieren der Absolventen sind Gegenstand aktueller Forschungsprojekte.

          Fazit: Dieses multidisziplinäre letzte Studienjahr soll Studenten ermöglichen, ihr Studium mit spezifischen Kompetenzen der Akutmedizin abzuschließen, und bereitet auf die Facharztweiterbildung in einer Reihe von Fachrichtungen vor.

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          The case for use of entrustable professional activities in undergraduate medical education.

          Many graduate medical education (GME) programs have started to consider and adopt entrustable professional activities (EPAs) in their competency frameworks. Do EPAs also have a place in undergraduate medical education (UME)? In this Perspective article, the authors discuss arguments in favor of the use of EPAs in UME. A competency framework that aligns UME and GME outcome expectations would allow for better integration across the educational continuum. The EPA approach would be consistent with what is known about progressive skill development. The key principles underlying EPAs, workplace learning and trust, are generalizable and would also be applicable to UME learners. Lastly, EPAs could increase transparency in the workplace regarding student abilities and help ensure safe and quality patient care. The authors also outline what UME EPAs might look like, suggesting core, specialty-specific, and elective EPAs related to core clinical residency entry expectations and learner interest. UME EPAs would be defined as essential health care activities with which one would expect to entrust a resident at the beginning of residency to perform without direct supervision. Finally, the authors recommend a refinement and expansion of the entrustment and supervision scale previously developed for GME to better incorporate the supervision expectations for UME learners. They suggest that EPAs could be operationalized for UME if UME-specific EPAs were developed and the entrustment scale were expanded.
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            Toward Defining the Foundation of the MD Degree: Core Entrustable Professional Activities for Entering Residency.

            Currently, no standard defines the clinical skills that medical students must demonstrate upon graduation. The Liaison Committee on Medical Education bases its standards on required subject matter and student experiences rather than on observable educational outcomes. The absence of such established outcomes for MD graduates contributes to the gap between program directors' expectations and new residents' performance.In response, in 2013, the Association of American Medical Colleges convened a panel of experts from undergraduate and graduate medical education to define the professional activities that every resident should be able to do without direct supervision on day one of residency, regardless of specialty. Using a conceptual framework of entrustable professional activities (EPAs), this Drafting Panel reviewed the literature and sought input from the health professions education community. The result of this process was the publication of 13 core EPAs for entering residency in 2014. Each EPA includes a description, a list of key functions, links to critical competencies and milestones, and narrative descriptions of expected behaviors and clinical vignettes for both novice learners and learners ready for entrustment.The medical education community has already begun to develop the curricula, assessment tools, faculty development resources, and pathways to entrustment for each of the 13 EPAs. Adoption of these core EPAs could significantly narrow the gap between program directors' expectations and new residents' performance, enhancing patient safety and increasing residents', educators', and patients' confidence in the care these learners provide in the first months of their residency training.
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              What training is needed in the fourth year of medical school? Views of residency program directors.

              To identify common struggles of interns, determine residency program directors' (PDs') views of the competencies to be gained in the fourth year of medical school, and apply this information to formulate goals of curricular reform and student advising. In 2007, semistructured interviews were conducted with 30 PDs in the 10 most common specialty choices of students at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine to assess the PDs' priorities for knowledge, skills, and attitudes to be acquired in the fourth year. Interviews were coded to identify major themes. Common struggles of interns were lack of self-reflection and improvement, poor organizational skills, underdeveloped professionalism, and lack of medical knowledge. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competencies of patient care, practice-based learning and improvement, interpersonal and communication skills, and professionalism were deemed fundamental to fourth-year students' development. Rotations recommended across specialties were a subinternship in a student's future field and in internal medicine (IM), rotations in an IM subspecialty, critical care, and emergency and ambulatory medicine. PDs encouraged minimizing additional time spent in the student's future field. Suggested coursework included an intensively coached transitional subinternship and courses to improve students' medical knowledge. PDs deemed the fourth year to have a critical role in the curriculum. There was consensus about expected fourth-year competencies and the common clinical experiences that best prepare students for residency training. These findings support using the fourth year to transition students to graduate medical training and highlight areas for curricular innovation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS Journal for Medical Education
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2366-5017
                15 November 2017
                2017
                : 34
                : 5 , Postgraduate education/Weiterbildung
                : Doc64
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Anaesthesiology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [2 ]University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Research and Development in Medical Education, Utrecht, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Gersten Jonker, University Utrecht,University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Anaesthesiology, P.O. Box 85090, Post stop KE 02.142.2, NL-3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands, Phone: +31 88 7555555, E-mail: g.jonker-4@ 123456umcutrecht.nl
                Article
                zma001141 Doc64 urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0011414
                10.3205/zma001141
                5704612
                f90be80b-977f-47ee-b189-e9bd48db0716
                Copyright © 2017 Jonker et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 29 November 2016
                : 18 August 2017
                : 08 July 2017
                Categories
                Article

                undergraduate medical education,graduate medidal education,clinical competence,transitional year,entrustable professional activities

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