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      Ginger From Ancient Times to the New Outlook

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          Abstract

          Context:

          Ginger is the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, a perennial plant, used alone or in compounds as a spice or remedy in ancient recipes of Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) as an effective tonic for the memory and digestive system, the opener of hepatic obstructions, aphrodisiac, for expelling compact wind from stomach and intestines, diluting, desiccating and emollient of phlegmatic and compact humor sticking to body organs, stomach, intestine, brain and throat. The ITM scholars believed that ginger was a vermifuge as well as a remedy for paralysis and obstructive jaundice. They also revealed that this phytomedicine cures diarrhea due to corrupted food. This study aimed to compare the medicinal properties ( afaal) of ginger in ITM with those indicated in modern research.

          Results:

          Results of this study showed that the modern phytotherapy confirmed some of the properties of ginger. In addition, some of the properties of this phytomedicine have not been studied yet.

          Conclusions:

          By studding the ITM literature, herb elements or in other words ITM keywords, researchers can predict and state some unknown or less known potential pharmacologic effects of medicinal plants.

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          Most cited references77

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          Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research.

          Badreldin Ali, Gerald Blunden, Musbah Tanira … (2008)
          Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberacae) is a medicinal plant that has been widely used in Chinese, Ayurvedic and Tibb-Unani herbal medicines all over the world, since antiquity, for a wide array of unrelated ailments that include arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches, pains, sore throats, cramps, constipation, indigestion, vomiting, hypertension, dementia, fever, infectious diseases and helminthiasis. Currently, there is a renewed interest in ginger, and several scientific investigations aimed at isolation and identification of active constituents of ginger, scientific verification of its pharmacological actions and of its constituents, and verification of the basis of the use of ginger in some of several diseases and conditions. This article aims at reviewing the most salient recent reports on these investigations. The main pharmacological actions of ginger and compounds isolated therefrom include immuno-modulatory, anti-tumorigenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-lipidemic and anti-emetic actions. Ginger is a strong anti-oxidant substance and may either mitigate or prevent generation of free radicals. It is considered a safe herbal medicine with only few and insignificant adverse/side effects. More studies are required in animals and humans on the kinetics of ginger and its constituents and on the effects of their consumption over a long period of time.
          Article 0 comments Cited 159 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Cancer preventive properties of ginger: a brief review.

            Yogeshwer Shukla, Madhulika Singh (2007)
            Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinalis, one of the most widely used species of the ginger family, is a common condiment for various foods and beverages. Ginger has a long history of medicinal use dating back 2500 years. Ginger has been traditionally used from time immemorial for varied human ailments in different parts of the globe, to aid digestion and treat stomach upset, diarrhoea, and nausea. Some pungent constituents present in ginger and other zingiberaceous plants have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and some of them exhibit cancer preventive activity in experimental carcinogenesis. The anticancer properties of ginger are attributed to the presence of certain pungent vallinoids, viz. [6]-gingerol and [6]-paradol, as well as some other constituents like shogaols, zingerone etc. A number of mechanisms that may be involved in the chemopreventive effects of ginger and its components have been reported from the laboratory studies in a wide range of experimental models.
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              Zingiberis rhizoma: a comprehensive review on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles.

              S Chrubasik, M H Pittler, B D Roufogalis (2005)
              Zingiberis rhizoma is used as a broadspectrum antiemetic. We, therefore, conducted a comprehensive review of the literature to summarize the pharmacological and clinical effects of this popular plant material. Although clinical and experimental studies suggest that ginger has some antiemetic properties, clinical evidence beyond doubt is only available for pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting. Meta-analyses could not demonstrate the postoperative antiemetic effectiveness, and effect in motion sickness or nausea/vomiting of other ethiology. It also remains to be confirmed that proprietary ginger preparations are clinically useful to alleviate osteoarthritic or other pain, although there is no doubt that ginger constituents interfere with the inflammatory cascade and the vanilloid nociceptor. Ginger exerts in vitro antioxidative, antitumorigenic and immunomodulatory effects and is an effective antimicrobial and antiviral agent. Animal studies demonstrate effects on the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular system, on experimental pain and fever, antioxidative, antilipidemic and antitumor effects, as well as central and other effects. The most relevant human pharmacological studies require a confirmatory study to exclude interaction of ginger preparations with platelet aggregation. Pharmacokinetic data are only available for [6]-gingerol and zingiberene. Preclinical safety data do not rule out potential toxicity, which should be monitored especially following ginger consumption over longer periods.
              Article 0 comments Cited 121 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DOCS
                Title: Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products
                Publisher: DOCS
                ISSN (Print): 1735-7780
                ISSN (Electronic): 2228-7876
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 January 2015
                Publication date Collection: February 2015
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e18402
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Medical Philosophy and History Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
                [2 ]Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Laleh Khodaie, Medical Philosophy and History Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-4113379527, Fax: +98-4113379527, E-mail: khodaiel@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-18402
                PMC ID: 4377061
                SO-VID: f94614ae-e10d-46cc-8095-cf02ba3a010a
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 22 February 2014
                Date accepted : 20 August 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: ginger,iranian traditional medicine,plant
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ginger, iranian traditional medicine, plant

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