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      Topology and hemodynamics of the cortical cerebrovascular system

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          Abstract

          The cerebrovascular system continuously delivers oxygen and energy substrates to the brain, which is one of the organs with the highest basal energy requirement in mammals. Discontinuities in the delivery lead to fatal consequences for the brain tissue. A detailed understanding of the structure of the cerebrovascular system is important for a multitude of (patho-)physiological cerebral processes and many noninvasive functional imaging methods rely on a signal that originates from the vasculature. Furthermore, neurodegenerative diseases often involve the cerebrovascular system and could contribute to neuronal loss. In this review, we focus on the cortical vascular system. In the first part, we present the current knowledge of the vascular anatomy. This is followed by a theory of topology and its application to vascular biology. We then discuss possible interactions between cerebral blood flow and vascular topology, before summarizing the existing body of the literature on quantitative cerebrovascular topology.

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          EROSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF STREAMS AND THEIR DRAINAGE BASINS; HYDROPHYSICAL APPROACH TO QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY

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            The endothelial glycocalyx: composition, functions, and visualization

            This review aims at presenting state-of-the-art knowledge on the composition and functions of the endothelial glycocalyx. The endothelial glycocalyx is a network of membrane-bound proteoglycans and glycoproteins, covering the endothelium luminally. Both endothelium- and plasma-derived soluble molecules integrate into this mesh. Over the past decade, insight has been gained into the role of the glycocalyx in vascular physiology and pathology, including mechanotransduction, hemostasis, signaling, and blood cell–vessel wall interactions. The contribution of the glycocalyx to diabetes, ischemia/reperfusion, and atherosclerosis is also reviewed. Experimental data from the micro- and macrocirculation alludes at a vasculoprotective role for the glycocalyx. Assessing this possible role of the endothelial glycocalyx requires reliable visualization of this delicate layer, which is a great challenge. An overview is given of the various ways in which the endothelial glycocalyx has been visualized up to now, including first data from two-photon microscopic imaging.
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              Neuronal circuits of the neocortex.

              We explore the extent to which neocortical circuits generalize, i.e., to what extent can neocortical neurons and the circuits they form be considered as canonical? We find that, as has long been suspected by cortical neuroanatomists, the same basic laminar and tangential organization of the excitatory neurons of the neocortex is evident wherever it has been sought. Similarly, the inhibitory neurons show characteristic morphology and patterns of connections throughout the neocortex. We offer a simple model of cortical processing that is consistent with the major features of cortical circuits: The superficial layer neurons within local patches of cortex, and within areas, cooperate to explore all possible interpretations of different cortical input and cooperatively select an interpretation consistent with their various cortical and subcortical inputs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Cereb Blood Flow Metab
                J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab
                Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
                Nature Publishing Group
                0271-678X
                1559-7016
                June 2012
                04 April 2012
                1 June 2012
                : 32
                : 6
                : 952-967
                Affiliations
                [1 ]simpleComputer Vision Laboratory, Federal Institute of Technology ETH , Zurich, Switzerland
                [2 ]simpleInstitute of Fluid Dynamics, Federal Institute of Technology ETH , Zurich, Switzerland
                [3 ]simpleInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
                Author notes
                [* ]simpleInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich , Rämistrasse 100, Zurich 8091, Switzerland. E-mail: bweber@ 123456pharma.uzh.ch
                Article
                jcbfm201239
                10.1038/jcbfm.2012.39
                3367227
                22472613
                f94af9ea-2f2d-40cf-b7f5-88147d949af6
                Copyright © 2012 International Society for Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Inc.

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

                History
                : 21 November 2011
                : 02 February 2012
                : 16 February 2012
                Categories
                Review Article

                Neurosciences
                cerebrovascular disease,vascular biology,cerebral hemodynamics,hemodynamics
                Neurosciences
                cerebrovascular disease, vascular biology, cerebral hemodynamics, hemodynamics

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