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      International Journal of Nanomedicine (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the application of nanotechnology in diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery systems throughout the biomedical field. Sign up for email alerts here.

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      Bioglass implant-coating interactions in synthetic physiological fluids with varying degrees of biomimicry

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          Abstract

          Synthetic physiological fluids are currently used as a first in vitro bioactivity assessment for bone grafts. Our understanding about the interactions taking place at the fluid–implant interface has evolved remarkably during the last decade, and does not comply with the traditional International Organization for Standardization/final draft International Standard 23317 protocol in purely inorganic simulated body fluid. The advances in our knowledge point to the need of a true paradigm shift toward testing physiological fluids with enhanced biomimicry and a better understanding of the materials’ structure-dissolution behavior. This will contribute to “upgrade” our vision of entire cascades of events taking place at the implant surfaces upon immersion in the testing media or after implantation. Starting from an osteoinductive bioglass composition with the ability to alleviate the oxidative stress, thin bioglass films with different degrees of polymerization were deposited onto titanium substrates. Their biomineralization activity in simulated body fluid and in a series of new inorganic–organic media with increasing biomimicry that more closely simulated the human intercellular environment was compared. A comprehensive range of advanced characterization tools (scanning electron microscopy; grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction; Fourier-transform infrared, micro-Raman, energy-dispersive, X-ray photoelectron, and surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopies; and cytocompatibility assays using mesenchymal stem cells) were used. The information gathered is very useful to biologists, biophysicists, clinicians, and material scientists with special interest in teaching and research. By combining all the analyses, we propose herein a step forward toward establishing an improved unified protocol for testing the bioactivity of implant materials.

          Most cited references94

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          Solutions able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass-ceramic A-W.

          High-strength bioactive glass-ceramic A-W was soaked in various acellular aqueous solutions different in ion concentrations and pH. After soaking for 7 and 30 days, surface structural changes of the glass-ceramic were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy, thin-film x-ray diffraction, and scanning electronmicroscopic observations, in comparison with in vivo surface structural changes. So-called Tris buffer solution, pure water buffered with trishydroxymethyl-aminomethane, which had been used by various workers as a "simulated body fluid," did not reproduce the in vivo surface structural changes, i.e., apatite formation on the surface. A solution, ion concentrations and pH of which are almost equal to those of the human blood plasma--i.e., Na+ 142.0, K+ 5.0, Mg2+ 1.5, Ca2+ 2.5, Cl- 148.8, HCO3- 4.2 and PO4(2-) 1.0 mM and buffered at pH 7.25 with the trishydroxymethyl-aminomethane--most precisely reproduced in vivo surface structure change. This shows that careful selection of simulated body fluid is required for in vitro experiments. The results also support the concept that the apatite phase on the surface of glass-ceramic A-W is formed by a chemical reaction of the glass-ceramic with the Ca2+, HPO4(2-), and OH- ions in the body fluid.
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            Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite crystals: a review study on the analytical methods.

            For the synthesis of hydroxyapatite crystals from aqueous solutions three preparation methods were employed. From the experimental processes and the characterization of the crystals it was concluded that aging and precipitation kinetics are critical for the purity of the product and its crystallographic characteristics. The authentication details are presented along with the results from infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron photographs, and chemical analysis. Analytical data for several calcium phosphates were collected from the literature, extensively reviewed, and the results were grouped and presented in tables to provide comparison with the data obtained here. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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              Can bioactivity be tested in vitro with SBF solution?

              A large part of the scientific community has accepted the paradigm that a simulated body solution (SBF) can be used to test the bioactivity of a material. This is exemplified by the rapidly increasing number of publications using this test. The aim of this document is to demonstrate that (i) there is presently not enough scientific data to support this assumption, and (ii) even though the assumption was valid, the way the test is generally conducted leaves room for improvement. Theoretical arguments and facts supporting these statements are provided, together with possible improvements of the proposed bioactivity test.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Nanomedicine
                Int J Nanomedicine
                International Journal of Nanomedicine
                International Journal of Nanomedicine
                Dove Medical Press
                1176-9114
                1178-2013
                2017
                21 January 2017
                : 12
                : 683-707
                Affiliations
                [1 ]National Institute of Materials Physics, Măgurele
                [2 ]Army Centre for Medical Research, Bucharest, Romania
                [3 ]Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico (CQE-IST), University of Lisbon, Lisbon
                [4 ]Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, Centre for Research in Ceramics and Composite Materials (CICECO), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
                Author notes
                Correspondence: GE Stan, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Strada Atomiştilor, Măgurele 077125, Romania, Tel +40 724 131 131, Fax +40 21 369 0177, Email george_stan@ 123456infim.ro
                JMF Ferreira, Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal, Tel +351 234 370 242, Fax +351 234 370 204, Email jmf@ 123456ua.pt
                Article
                ijn-12-683
                10.2147/IJN.S123236
                5268334
                28176941
                f95e339d-43ff-4a17-8b96-930ea6d71296
                © 2017 Popa et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Original Research

                Molecular medicine
                biomaterials,bioglass,in vitro biomimetic assays,proteins
                Molecular medicine
                biomaterials, bioglass, in vitro biomimetic assays, proteins

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