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      Naegleria species population found in pond water of parks in Mashhad city, Can the physicochemical factors affect it?

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          Abstract

          Naegleria species are the ubiquitous free-living amoebas that are found worldwide in soil and water. Among Naegleria spp., N. fowleri can cause primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Ninety water samples were collected from the pond of parks. Also, the water quality parameters were measured at the sampling site (such as temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and Turbidity).

          After filtering, the samples were cultured on Bacto-agar enriched with Escherichia coli. A PCR assay was conducted on the culture-positive samples in the ITS1, 5.8SrDNA and ITS2 regions, and then the PCR products were sequenced.

          The pond water of parks was contaminated with some Naegleria spp. (except N. fowleri) and a Vahlkampfia avara. There was no significant relationship between water quality parameters and the presence of Naegleria (p > 0.05).

          Our protocol investigates to detect Naegleria spp. from ponds water of parks in Mashhad city and the relations between the water quality parameters and its presence.

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          A year long study of the presence of free living amoeba in Spain.

          A Magnet, S Fenoy, A L Galván … (2013)
          Free-living amoeba such as Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia mandrillaris can act as opportunistic parasites on a wide range of vertebrates and they are becoming a serious threat to human health due to the resistance of their cysts to harsh environmental conditions, disinfectants, some water treatment practices and their ubiquitous distribution. This work was carried out in order to study the presence of these free-living amoebae (FLA) and their possible seasonality in a continental-Mediterranean climate in different types of water. For this purpose, a total of 223 water samples were collected during one year from four drinking water treatment plants (DWTP), seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and six locations of influence (LI) on four river basins from Spain. Water samples were concentrated using the IDEXX Filta-Max(®) system and analyzed by a triplex real time PCR that detects Acanthamoeba, B. mandrillaris and Naegleria fowleri. Agar plates were also seeded for Acanthamoeba culture. From the three FLA studied, N. fowleri was not detected in any sample while B. mandrillaris was found at the entrance of a DWTP; this being, to our knowledge, the first report of these protozoa in water worldwide. On the other hand, the presence of Acanthamoeba observed was higher, 94.6% of the studied points were positive by real time PCR and 85.2% by culture, resulting in 99.1% positive for Acanthamoeba with both methods. All genetically analyzed Acanthamoeba were genotype T4 but nine different T4/DF3 sequences were observed, three of them being described for the first time, assigning new codes. No seasonal distribution of Acanthamoeba was found. These facts should serve as a warning to contact lens wearers of the risk of a poor hygiene when handling their contact lenses. It should also serve as a signal to physicians to consider FLA as a possible causative agent of nervous system infections as well as Acanthamoeba keratitis due to their high environmental presence shown in this study.
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            Prevalence of Naegleria fowleri in Environmental Samples from Northern Part of India

            Ashutosh Panda, Shehla Khalil, Bijay Ranjan Mirdha … (2015)
            Naegleria fowleri the causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis, is ubiquitously distributed worldwide in various warm aquatic environments and soil habitats. The present study reports on the presence of Naegleria spp. in various water bodies present in Rohtak and Jhajjar district, of state Haryana, India. A total of 107 water reservoirs were screened from summer till autumn (2012 and 2013). In order to isolate Naegleria spp. from the collected water samples, the water samples were filtered and the trapped debris after processing were transferred to non-nutrient agar plates already seeded with lawn culture of Escherichia coli. Out of total 107 water samples, 43 (40%) samples were positive by culture for free living amoeba after incubation for 14 days at 37°C. To identify the isolates, the ITS1, 5.8SrDNA and ITS2 regions were targeted for PCR assay. Out of total 43 positive samples, 37 isolates were positive for Naegleria spp. using genus specific primers and the most frequently isolated species was Naegleria australiensis. Out of 37 Naegleria spp. positive isolates, 1 isolate was positive for Naegleria fowleri. The sequence analysis revealed that the Naegleria fowleri strain belonged to Type 2.
            Article 0 comments Cited 10 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Author and article information

              Contributors
              Shiva Ghaderifar
              Journal
              Journal ID (nlm-ta): MethodsX
              Journal ID (iso-abbrev): MethodsX
              Title: MethodsX
              Publisher: Elsevier
              ISSN (Electronic): 2215-0161
              Publication date PMC-release: 24 October 2018
              Publication date Collection: 2018
              Publication date (Electronic): 24 October 2018
              Volume: 5
              Pages: 1427-1430
              Affiliations
              [a ]Social Determinatns of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
              [b ]Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
              [c ]Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
              [d ]Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Health Center, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
              [e ]Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
              [f ]Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
              Author notes
              [* ]Corresponding author. ghaderifarsh@ 123456gmail.com
              Article
              Publisher ID: S2215-0161(18)30171-7
              DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.10.014
              PMC ID: 6232641
              SO-VID: f96a8593-0d30-43b5-b42c-95b9593c21f3
              Copyright © © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
              License:

              This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

              History
              Date received : 25 August 2018
              Date accepted : 6 October 2018
              Categories
              Subject: Chemical Engineering

              Keywords: naegleria species population found in pond water of parks in mashhad city, can the physicochemical factors affect it?,naegleria,pond water,physicochemical factors
              Data availability:
              Keywords: naegleria species population found in pond water of parks in mashhad city, can the physicochemical factors affect it?, naegleria, pond water, physicochemical factors

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