Problem and non-problem gamblers: a cross-sectional clustering study by gambling characteristics

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Abstract

Objectives

Gambling characteristics are factors that could influence problem gambling development. The aim of this study was to identify a typology of gamblers to frame risky behaviour based on gambling characteristics (age of initiation/of problem gambling, type of gambling: pure chance/chance with pseudoskills/chance with elements of skill, gambling online/offline, amount wagered monthly) and to investigate clinical factors associated with these different profiles in a large representative sample of gamblers.

Design and setting

The study is a cross-sectional analysis to the baseline data of the french JEU cohort study (study protocol : Challet-Bouju et al, 2014). Recruitment (April 2009 to September 2011) involved clinicians and researchers from seven institutions that offer care for or conduct research on problem gamblers (PG). Participants were recruited in gambling places, and in care centres. Only participants who reported gambling in the previous year between 18 and 65 years old were included.

Participants gave their written informed consent, it was approved by the French Research Ethics Committee.

Participants

The participants were 628 gamblers : 256 non-problem gamblers (NPG), 169 problem gamblers without treatment (PGWT) and 203 problem gamblers seeking treatment (PGST).

Results

Six clustering models were tested, the one with three clusters displayed a lower classification error rate (7.92%) and was better suited to clinical interpretation : ‘Early Onset and Short Course’ (47.5%), ‘Early Onset and Long Course’ (35%) and ‘Late Onset and Short Course’ (17.5%). Gambling characteristics differed significantly between the three clusters.

Conclusions

We defined clusters through the analysis of gambling variables, easy to identify, by psychiatrists or by physicians in primary care. Simple screening concerning these gambling characteristics could be constructed to prevent and to help PG identification. It is important to consider gambling characteristics : policy measures targeting gambling characteristics may reduce the risk of PG or minimise harm from gambling.

Trial registration number

NCT01207674 (ClinicalTrials.gov); Results.

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Most cited references 55

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Latent Class Modeling with Covariates: Two Improved Three-Step Approaches

J. Vermunt (2010)

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Problem gambling worldwide: An update and systematic review of empirical research (2000–2015)

Filipa Calado, Mark D. Griffiths (2016)

Problem gambling has been identified as an emergent public health issue, and there is a need to identify gambling trends and to regularly update worldwide gambling prevalence rates. This paper aims to review recent research on adult gambling and problem gambling (since 2000) and then, in the context of a growing liberalization of the gambling market in the European Union, intends to provide a more detailed analysis of adult gambling behavior across European countries. A systematic literature search was carried out using academic databases, Internet, and governmental websites. Following this search and utilizing exclusion criteria, 69 studies on adult gambling prevalence were identified. These studies demonstrated that there are wide variations in past-year problem gambling rates across different countries in the world (0.12–5.8%) and in Europe (0.12–3.4%). However, it is difficult to directly compare studies due to different methodological procedures, instruments, cut-offs, and time frames. Despite the variability among instruments, some consistent results with regard to demographics were found. The findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring of problem gambling prevalence rates in order to examine the influence of cultural context on gambling patterns, assess the effectiveness of policies on gambling-related harms, and establish priorities for future research.

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The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

M Ward, P Wender, F Reimherr (1993)

In an attempt to surmount the problem of retrospectively establishing the childhood diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the authors constructed the 61-item Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) for adults to use to describe their own childhood behavior. In this paper they present their initial data collection and evaluation of the instrument's validity. The scale was administered to 81 adult outpatients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 100 "normal" adults, and 70 psychiatric adult outpatients with unipolar depression. The authors analyzed data from the 25 items of the scale that showed the greatest difference between the patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the normal comparison subjects and the relationship between the WURS and the patients' parents' judgment of childhood activity as measured by the Parents' Rating Scale. The patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder had significantly higher mean scores on all 25 items than did the two comparison groups. The difference between the mean total scores of the patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the normal subjects was also highly significant. A cutoff score of 46 or higher correctly identified 86% of the patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 99% of the normal subjects, and 81% of the depressed subjects. Correlations obtained between WURS scores and Parents' Rating Scale scores were moderate but impressive. The ability of WURS scores to predict response to methylphenidate replicated the authors' finding regarding the ability of Parents' Rating Scale scores to predict response to pemoline. The WURS is sensitive in identifying childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and may be useful in recognizing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with ambiguous adult psychopathology.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMJ Open

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMJ Open

Journal ID (hwp): bmjopen

Journal ID (publisher-id): bmjopen

Title: BMJ Open

Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )

ISSN (Electronic): 2044-6055

Publication date Collection: 2020

Publication date (Electronic): 18 February 2020

Volume: 10

Issue: 2

Electronic Location Identifier: e030424

Affiliations

[1 ] departmentEA 7479 SPURBO , Universite de Bretagne Occidentale , Brest, France

[2 ] departmentAddictive Disorders Department , CHRU de Brest , Brest, France

[3 ] departmentUMR 1246 SPHERE , Université de Nantes , Nantes, France

[4 ] departmentAddictology and Psychiatry Department , CHU Clermont Ferrand , Clermont Ferrand, France

[5 ] departmentEA 4430 CLIPSYD 'clinique psychiatrique developpement' , Universite Paris-Nanterre , Nanterre, France

[6 ] departmentAddictive Disorders , Hospital Louis-Mourier , Colombes, France

[7 ] departmentAddictive disorders Unit Marmottan , GPS Perray-Vaucluse , Épinay-sur-Orge, France

[8 ] departmentDepartment of Adult Psychiatry , Hopital Sainte-Marguerite , Marseille, France

[9 ] departmentPsychiatric Laboratory SANPSY USR 3413 , University of Bordeaux , Talence, France

[10 ] departmentAddictive Disorders , Hospital Centre Charles Perrens , Bordeaux, France

[11 ] departmentPsychiatry and Addictology Department , Hôpital Paul Brousse, APHP Villejuif , Villejuif cedex, France

[12 ] departmentCESP , Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM , Villejuif, France

[13 ] departmentCMAP , Ecole Polytechnique , Palaiseau Cedex, France

[14 ] departmentPsychiatry and Addictology , CHU Clermont Ferrand , Clermont Ferrand, UK

[15 ] departmentAddictology , University Hospital of Nantes , Nantes, France

[16 ] departmentAddictology and Psychiatry Department , University Hospital of Nantes , Nantes, France

Author notes

[Correspondence to ] Professor Marie Grall-Bronnec; marie.bronnec@ 123456chu-nantes.fr

Author information

Morgane Guillou Landreat http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1568-9480

Amandine Luquiens http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9402-442X

Article

Publisher ID: bmjopen-2019-030424

DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030424

PMC ID: 7044887

PubMed ID: 32075821

SO-VID: f9827c7b-cbc1-487a-a9d8-6c2cff491b87

License:

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

History

Date received : 22 March 2019

Date revision received : 25 November 2019

Date accepted : 05 December 2019

Funding

Funded by: MILDECA;

Award ID: call for research projects 2007 [MIL08010],

Funded by: the French Ministry of Health;

Award ID: [PHRC 2009 – RCB 2008-A01188-47].

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine

Keywords: gambling disorder,long term course,gamblers,addictive behaviors,addiction

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine

Keywords: gambling disorder, long term course, gamblers, addictive behaviors, addiction

Problem and non-problem gamblers: a cross-sectional clustering study by gambling characteristics

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Abstract

Objectives

Design and setting

Participants

Results

Conclusions

Trial registration number

Related collections

Psychology by AKJournals

Most cited references 55

Latent Class Modeling with Covariates: Two Improved Three-Step Approaches

Problem gambling worldwide: An update and systematic review of empirical research (2000–2015)

The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

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