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      Early loss of HIV-infected patients on potent antiretroviral therapy programmes in lower-income countries Translated title: Pérdida temprana para el seguimiento de pacientes VIH-positivos en programas de terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad en países de bajos ingresos Translated title: Perte précoce de patients infectés par le VIH par les programmes de traitement antirétroviral puissant menés dans des pays à faible revenu

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To analyse the early loss of patients to antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in resource-limited settings. METHODS: Using data on 5491 adult patients starting ART (median age 35 years, 46% female) in 15 treatment programmes in Africa, Asia and South America with ³ 12 months of follow-up, we investigated risk factors for no follow-up after treatment initiation, and loss to follow-up or death in the first 6 months. FINDINGS: Overall, 211 patients (3.8%) had no follow-up, 880 (16.0%) were lost to follow-up and 141 (2.6%) were known to have died in the first 6 months. The probability of no follow-up was higher in 2003-2004 than in 2000 or earlier (odds ratio, OR: 5.06; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.28-20.0), as was loss to follow-up (hazard ratio, HR: 7.62; 95% CI: 4.55-12.8) but not recorded death (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.44-2.36). Compared with a baseline CD4-cell count ³ 50 cells/µl, a count < 25 cells/µl was associated with a higher probability of no follow-up (OR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.43-4.33), loss to follow-up (HR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.23-1.77) and death (HR: 3.34; 95% CI: 2.10-5.30). Compared to free treatment, fee-for-service programmes were associated with a higher probability of no follow-up (OR: 3.71; 95% CI: 0.97-16.05) and higher mortality (HR: 4.64; 95% CI: 1.11-19.41). CONCLUSION: Early patient losses were increasingly common when programmes were scaled up and were associated with a fee for service and advanced immunodeficiency at baseline. Measures to maximize ART programme retention are required in resource-poor countries.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Analizar la pérdida temprana de pacientes para el seguimiento en los programas de tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) aplicados en entornos con recursos limitados. MÉTODOS: A partir de los datos de 5491 pacientes adultos que comenzaron el TAR (mediana de la edad: 35 años, mujeres en el 46% de los casos) en 15 programas de tratamiento en África, Asia y América del Sur con al menos 12 meses de seguimiento, investigamos los factores de riesgo de seguimiento nulo tras el inicio del tratamiento, y de pérdida para el seguimiento o defunción durante los 6 primeros meses. RESULTADOS: Globalmente, 211 pacientes (3,8%) no fueron objeto de seguimiento alguno, 880 (16,0%) fueron perdidos para el seguimiento y 141 (2,6%) murieron antes de transcurridos seis meses. La probabilidad de seguimiento nulo fue mayor en 2003-2004 que en 2000 o en años anteriores (razón de posibilidades [odds ratio, OR]: 5,06; intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%, IC95%: 1,28-20,0), al igual que la pérdida para el seguimiento (cociente de riesgos instantáneos [hazard ratio, HR]: 7,62; IC95%: 4,55-12,8), pero no así la mortalidad registrada (HR: 1,02; IC95%: 0,44-2,36). En comparación con un recuento de CD4 ³ 50 células/µl al comienzo del estudio, un recuento < 25 células/µl se asoció a una probabilidad mayor de seguimiento nulo (OR: 2,49; IC95%: 1,43-4,33), de pérdida para el seguimiento (HR: 1,48; IC95%: 1,23-1,77) y de defunción (HR: 3,34; IC95%: 2,10-5,30). Comparados con el tratamiento gratuito, los programas con cobro de honorarios por servicios prestados se asociaron a un aumento de la probabilidad de seguimiento nulo (OR: 3,71; IC95%: 0,97-16,05) y a una mayor mortalidad (HR: 4,64; IC95%: 1,11-19,41). CONCLUSIÓN: Las pérdidas tempranas de pacientes para el seguimiento fueron más frecuentes cuando los programas se expandieron, y se asociaron al cobro de honorarios por servicios prestados y a una inmunodeficiencia avanzada al inicio del estudio. Se deben tomar medidas para optimizar la retención de los pacientes en los programas de TAR en los países con recursos escasos.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Analyser la perte précoce de patients par les programmes de traitement antirétroviral (ART) dans les pays à ressources limitées. MÉTHODES: A partir des données concernant 5491 patients adultes débutant un traitement ART (âge médian : 35 ans, 46 % de femmes), dans le cadre de 15 programmes de traitement en Afrique, en Asie et en Amérique du Sud comprenant un suivi de 12 mois et plus, nous avons étudié les facteurs d'absence de suivi après le début du traitement et les nombres de perdus pour le suivi et de décès au cours des 6 premiers mois. RÉSULTATS: Globalement, 211 patients (3,8 %) n'ont pas eu de suivi, 880 (16,0 %) ont été perdus pour le suivi et 141 (2,6 %) sont décédés, à la connaissance du programme, dans les 6 premiers mois. La probabilité d'une absence de suivi était plus élevée pendant la période 2003-2004 qu'en 2000 ou dans les années antérieures (odds ratio, OR : 5,06 ; intervalle de confiance à 95 %, IC : 1,28-20,0) et il en était de même pour les perdus pour le suivi (ratio de danger, RD : 7,62 ; IC à 95 % : 4,55-12,8), mais pas pour le nombre de décès enregistrés (RD : 1,02 ; IC à 95 % : 0,44-2,36). Par rapport à une numération des CD4 de référence ³ 50 cellules/µl, une numération < 25 cellules/µl était associée à une plus forte probabilité d'absence de suivi (OR : 2,49 ; IC à 95 % : 1,43-4,33), de perte pour le suivi (RD : 1,48 ; IC à 95 % : 1,23-1,77) et de décès (RD : 3,34 ; IC à 95 % : 2,10-5,30). Par rapport à un traitement gratuit, les programmes fonctionnant avec une tarification à l'acte était associés à une plus grande probabilité d'absence de suivi (OR : 3,71 ; IC à 95 % : 0,97-16,05) et à une plus forte mortalité (RD : 4,64 ; IC à 95 % : 1,11-19,41). CONCLUSION: Les pertes précoces de patients sont devenues de plus en plus courantes avec l'élargissement des programmes et sont associées à la tarification à l'acte et à une immunodéficience avancée au départ du traitement. Des mesures pour augmenter au maximum la rétention des patients dans les programmes ART sont nécessaires dans les pays à faibles ressources.

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          Most cited references24

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          A Proportional Hazards Model for the Subdistribution of a Competing Risk

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            Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy at primary care sites in Zambia: feasibility and early outcomes.

            The Zambian Ministry of Health has scaled-up human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) care and treatment services at primary care clinics in Lusaka, using predominately nonphysician clinicians. To report on the feasibility and early outcomes of the program. Open cohort evaluation of antiretroviral-naive adults treated at 18 primary care facilities between April 26, 2004, and November 5, 2005. Data were entered in real time into an electronic patient tracking system. Those meeting criteria for antiretroviral therapy (ART) received drugs according to Zambian national guidelines. Survival, regimen failure rates, and CD4 cell response. We enrolled 21,755 adults into HIV care, and 16,198 (75%) started ART. Among those starting ART, 9864 (61%) were women. Of 15,866 patients with documented World Health Organization (WHO) staging, 11,573 (73%) were stage III or IV, and the mean (SD) entry CD4 cell count among the 15,336 patients with a baseline result was 143/microL (123/microL). Of 1142 patients receiving ART who died, 1120 had a reliable date of death. Of these patients, 792 (71%) died within 90 days of starting therapy (early mortality rate: 26 per 100 patient-years), and 328 (29%) died after 90 days (post-90-day mortality rate: 5.0 per 100 patient-years). In multivariable analysis, mortality was strongly associated with CD4 cell count between 50/microL and 199/microL (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-2.0), CD4 cell count less than 50/microL (AHR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5-3.1), WHO stage III disease (AHR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.4), WHO stage IV disease (AHR, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.0-4.3), low body mass index (<16; AHR,2.4; 95% CI, 1.8-3.2), severe anemia (<8.0 g/dL; AHR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.3-4.0), and poor adherence to therapy (AHR, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.2-3.9). Of 11,714 patients at risk, 861 failed therapy by clinical criteria (rate, 13 per 100 patient-years). The mean (SD) CD4 cell count increase was 175/microL (174/microL) in 1361 of 1519 patients (90%) receiving treatment long enough to have a 12-month repeat. Massive scale-up of HIV and AIDS treatment services with good clinical outcomes is feasible in primary care settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Most mortality occurs early, suggesting that earlier diagnosis and treatment may improve outcomes.
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              Scaling up of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a rural district of Malawi: an effectiveness assessment.

              The recording of outcomes from large-scale, simplified HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) programmes in sub-Saharan Africa is critical. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of such a programme held by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in the Chiradzulu district, Malawi. We scaled up and simplified HAART in this programme since August, 2002. We analysed survival indicators, CD4 count evolution, virological response, and adherence to treatment. We included adults who all started HAART 6 months or more before the analysis. HIV-1 RNA plasma viral load and self-reported adherence were assessed on a subsample of patients, and antiretroviral resistance mutations were analysed in plasma with viral loads greater than 1000 copies per mL. Analysis was by intention to treat. Of the 1308 patients who were eligible, 827 (64%) were female, the median age was 34.9 years (IQR 29.9-41.0), and 1023 (78%) received d4T/3TC/NVP (stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine) as a fixed-dose combination. At baseline, 1266 individuals (97%) were HAART-naive, 357 (27%) were at WHO stage IV, 311 (33%) had a body-mass index of less than 18.5 kg/m2, and 208 (21%) had a CD4 count lower than 50 cells per muL. At follow-up (median 8.3 months, IQR 5.5-13.1), 967 (74%) were still on HAART, 243 (19%) had died, 91 (7%) were lost to follow-up, and seven (0.5%) discontinued treatment. Low body-mass index, WHO stage IV, male sex, and baseline CD4 count lower than 50 cells per muL were independent determinants of death in the first 6 months. At 12 months, the probability of individuals still in care was 0.76 (95% CI 0.73-0.78) and the median CD4 gain was 165 (IQR 67-259) cells per muL. In the cross-sectional survey (n=398), 334 (84%) had a viral load of less than 400 copies per mL. Of several indicators measuring adherence, self-reported poor adherence (<80%) in the past 4 days was the best predictor of detectable viral load (odds ratio 5.4, 95% CI 1.9-15.6). These data show that large numbers of people can rapidly benefit from antiretroviral therapy in rural resource-poor settings and strongly supports the implementation of such large-scale simplified programmes in Africa.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                July 2008
                : 86
                : 7
                : 559-567
                Affiliations
                [03] Cape Town orgnameUniversity of Cape Town orgdiv1School of Public Health and Family Medicine South Africa
                [01] Bern orgnameInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine Switzerland
                [06] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                [08] Bristol orgnameUniversity of Bristol England
                [02] Bordeaux orgnameUniversité Victor Segalen orgdiv1Institut de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie et Développement orgdiv2Unité INSERM 593 France
                [07] Montpellier France orgnameInstitut de Recherche pour le Développement
                [04] San Francisco CA orgnameUniversity of California United States of America
                [09] Porto Alegre RS orgnameHospital de Clínicas Brazil
                [05] New York NY orgnameColumbia University orgdiv1Mailman School of Public Health United States of America
                Article
                S0042-96862008000700016 S0042-9686(08)08600716
                10.2471/blt.07.044248
                2647487
                18670668
                f9963b3b-cdef-46a3-a005-3abdc364a7df

                History
                : 30 May 2007
                : 29 October 2007
                : 07 October 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
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                Research

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