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      Non-native species in urban environments: patterns, processes, impacts and challenges

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          Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: A literature review

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            Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human-wildlife conflict

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              Novel urban ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation.

              With increasing urbanization the importance of cities for biodiversity conservation grows. This paper reviews the ways in which biodiversity is affected by urbanization and discusses the consequences of different conservation approaches. Cities can be richer in plant species, including in native species, than rural areas. Alien species can lead to both homogenization and differentiation among urban regions. Urban habitats can harbor self-sustaining populations of rare and endangered native species, but cannot replace the complete functionality of (semi-)natural remnants. While many conservation approaches tend to focus on such relict habitats and native species in urban settings, this paper argues for a paradigm shift towards considering the whole range of urban ecosystems. Although conservation attitudes may be challenged by the novelty of some urban ecosystems, which are often linked to high numbers of nonnative species, it is promising to consider their associated ecosystem services, social benefits, and possible contribution to biodiversity conservation. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biological Invasions
                Biol Invasions
                Springer Nature
                1387-3547
                1573-1464
                December 2017
                October 24 2017
                December 2017
                : 19
                : 12
                : 3461-3469
                Article
                10.1007/s10530-017-1598-7
                f9a009bf-3a79-458e-b8af-353ee1432ff1
                © 2017

                http://www.springer.com/tdm

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