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      Colgajos de perforantes intercostales en reconstrucción postraumática de miembros superiores como alternativa en países de ingresos medios y bajos Translated title: Intercostal perforator flaps in upper limbs reconstruction as an alternative in middle and low-income countries

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción y objetivo. Los colgajos de perforantes son una técnica de la Cirugía Reconstructiva que utiliza una porción de piel y/o grasa subcutánea vascularizada por uno o varios vasos que perforan un plano profundo (músculo, fascia o tabique), tomada de una zona distante o adyacente, para cerrar y restaurar un área de defecto corporal. Permiten realizar reconstrucciones utilizando estructuras adecuadas sin desvitalizar las áreas donantes. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la experiencia en el cierre y la reconstrucción de heridas traumáticas de antebrazo y mano mediante el uso de colgajos pediculados de vasos perforantes intercostales, específicamente de arterias laterales, dorsolaterales y/o anteriores, como una opción reconstructiva accesible, funcional y estéticamente viable, en países con ingresos medios y bajos en los que se cuenta con un acceso limitado al uso de la Microcirugía en casos de emergencia. Material y método. Presentamos 3 casos clínicos representativos que ejemplifican el uso de distintos tipos de colgajos de perforantes intercostales como alternativa a la amputación quirúrgica en lesiones extensas de miembro superior, que por su complejidad, comprometen la viabilidad del mismo. Los 3 casos fueron atendidos en uno de los 3 hospitales de referencia de adultos de la Seguridad Social de un país de ingresos medios, Costa Rica, donde no se dispone de acesso habitual a la Microcirugía. Resultados. Los 3 pacientes son varones. Caso 1: de 19 años de edad; fractura expuesta y lesión en antebrazo con compromiso de piel y tejidos blandos a consecuencia de accidente automovilístico; reconstrucción con colgajo LICAP de 32 x 12 cm. Caso 2: de 21 años de edad; trauma importante en codo y mano a consecuencia de accidente de tránsito; reconstrucción con colgajo AICAP izquierdo de 8 x 10 cm y LICAP derecho de 20 x 12 cm. Caso 3: de 32 años de edad; pérdida de la cara anterior del antebrazo derecho por accidente con cristal; intervención vascular y después colgajo LICAP de 30 x 10 cm. En todos los casos se utilizaron colgajos con 2 perforantes y la autonomización se realizó a las 3 semanas de la intervención. Cierre adecuado de las heridas y evolución de los colgajos sin complicaciones con recuperación de funcionalidad. Conclusiones: En realidades donde los recursos sanitarios son limitados y no siempre están disponibles alternativas terapéuticas novedosas, nuestra experiencia, apoyada en los 3 casos descritos, muestra como los colgajos de perforantes intercostales son una alternativa viable en la reconstrucción postraumática de miembros superiores.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background and objective. Perforator flaps are a reconstructive surgery technique that uses a portion of skin and/or subcutaneous fat tissue vascularized by one or more vessels that perforate a deep plane (muscle, fascia or septum), which is removed from a distant or adjacent part to close and restore the excised section. This procedure allows reconstruction using appropriate structures without devitalizing the donor area. The aim of this report is to describe the experience in the closure and reconstruction of traumatic forearm and hand wounds using pedicled flaps of perforating intercostal arteries from lateral, dorsolateral and/or anterior vessels, as an accessible, functional and aesthetically viable option, in low- and middle-income countries where other alternatives such as Microsurgery are not frequently accessible. Methods. We describe 3 procedures to exemplify reconstruction by using different types of intercostal perforator flaps as an alternative to surgical amputation of extensive traumatic upper limb injuries that, due to complexity, compromise their viability. The selection of cases corresponds to patients attended in one of the 3 referral hospitals of Social Security of a middle-income country, Costa Rica, where Microsurgery is not usually available. Results. All cases corresponded to male patients. Case 1: 19-year-old patient who, after a car accident, presented an exposed fracture and an extensive forearm injury that compromised skin and soft tissue; reconstruction with a 32 x 12 cm LICAP flap. Case 2: 21-year-old patient who, after a traffic accident, presented significant trauma to the elbow and hand; reconstruction with a left 8 x 10 cm AICAP flap and a right 20 x 12 cm LICAP flap. Case 3: 32-year-old patient presenting loss of the anterior aspect of the right forearm after an accident with a glass window; he required prior vascular intervention and was subsequently treated with a 30 x 10 cm LICAP flap. In all cases, flaps with 2 perforators were used and autonomization was performed 3 weeks after the intervention. Likewise, adequate wound closure, flap evolution without complications, and recovery of functionality were recorded. Conclusions. In scenarios where healthcare resources are limited and the newest therapeutic alternatives are not always available, our experience, supported by the 3 cases described, shows how the use of intercostal perforating flaps constitutes a viable alternative in the reconstruction of upper limbs after trauma, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

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          The perforasome theory: vascular anatomy and clinical implications.

          A clear understanding of the vascular anatomy of an individual perforator relative to its vascular territory and flow characteristics is essential for both flap design and harvest. The authors investigated the three-dimensional and four-dimensional arterial vascular territory of a single perforator, termed a "perforasome," in major clinically relevant areas of the body. A vascular anatomy study was performed using 40 fresh cadavers. A total of 217 flaps and arterial perforasomes were studied. Dissection of all perforators was performed under loupe magnification. Perforator flaps on the anterior trunk, posterior trunk, and extremities were studied. Flaps underwent both static (three-dimensional) and dynamic (four-dimensional) computed tomographic angiography to better assess vascular anatomy, flow characteristics, and the contribution of both the subdermal plexus and fascia to flap perfusion. The perfusion and vascular territory of perforators is highly complex and variable. Each perforasome is linked with adjacent perforasomes by means of two main mechanisms that include both direct and indirect linking vessels. Vascular axis follows the axiality of linking vessels. Mass vascularity of a perforator found adjacent to an articulation is directed away from that same articulation, whereas perforators found at a midpoint between two articulations, or midpoint in the trunk, have a multidirectional flow distribution. Each perforator holds a unique vascular territory (perforasome). Perforator vascular supply is highly complex and follows some common guidelines. Direct and indirect linking vessels play a critical part in perforator flap perfusion, and every clinically significant perforator has the potential to become either a pedicle or free perforator flap.
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            Perforator flaps: evolution, classification, and applications.

            In this article, the authors review the literature regarding perforator flaps. Musculocutaneous perforator flaps have evolved from musculocutaneous flaps and offer several distinct advantages. By sparing muscle tissue, thus reducing donor site morbidity and functional loss, perforator flaps are indicated for a number of clinical problems. The versatility of the perforator flap makes it ideal for the reconstruction of three-dimensional defects such as breast reconstruction or as a thin flap for resurfacing shallow wounds when bulk is considered a disadvantage. The authors review the historical development of the perforator flap and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of perforator flaps compared with free and pedicled musculocutaneous flaps. The nomenclature traditionally used for perforator flaps is confusing and lacks a standardized anatomic basis. The authors present a method to describe all perforator flaps according to their artery of origin.
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              The anatomic basis of perforator flaps.

              The recent enthusiasm for perforator flaps underlines the need for a detailed understanding of the cutaneous vasculature. The principle determinant of success in perforator flap surgery is the inclusion of an adequately sized cutaneous perforator in the flap. Therefore, the size, distribution, and variability of cutaneous perforators of the human body are crucial to the design and execution of successful perforator flap surgery. Based on numerous anatomic studies, the authors have found that the main source arteries supplying the skin are fairly constant but the individual cutaneous perforators are quite variable. Knowledge of the overall architecture of the vasculature and an awareness of the variability, combined with a flexible operative plan, will enable the perforator flap surgeon to take advantage of the most appropriate perforators to execute a successful operative plan.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpil
                Cirugía Plástica Ibero-Latinoamericana
                Cir. plást. iberolatinoam.
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética (SECPRE) (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0376-7892
                1989-2055
                September 2020
                : 46
                : 3
                : 335-342
                Affiliations
                [1] San José orgnameCaja Costarricense de Seguro Social orgdiv1Hospital San Juan de Dios orgdiv2Servicio de Cirugía Plástica Reconstructiva y Estética Costa Rica
                [2] San José orgnameCaja Costarricense de Seguro Social orgdiv1Hospital San Juan de Dios orgdiv2Unidad de Investigación Costa Rica
                Article
                S0376-78922020000400010 S0376-7892(20)04600300010
                10.4321/s0376-78922020000400010
                f9c58bd2-12a9-4487-b26a-75d232ca86e0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 May 2020
                : 22 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 19, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Miembro Superior

                Reconstrucción mano,Arm reconstruction,Upper limb reconstruction,Upper limb,Intercostal perforator flap,Reconstrucción brazo,Reconstrucción extremidad superior,Extremidad superior,Colgajos perforantes intercostales,Hand reconstruction

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