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      ADIPQ gene polymorphism rs266729 (-11377 C>G) and metabolic syndrome risk in a Mexican population of western Mexico Translated title: El polimorfismo rs266729 (-11377 C>G) del gen ADIPOQ y el riesgo de síndrome metabólico en una población mexicana del occidente de México

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: obesity often leads to deregulation and disrupting of the function of adipokines, which leads to various altered conditions, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). Adiponectin is one of the main adipokines secreted by adipocytes. The ADIPQ gene polymorphism rs266729 (-11377 C>G) is significantly associated with metabolic alterations related to obesity in different populations. Mexico has a high prevalence of obesity and risk factors associated with MetS. We investigated the association of the ADIPQ gene polymorphism rs266729 (-11377 C>G) with MetS in a Mexican population of western Mexico. Methods: a total of 101 MetS patients and 70 unrelated healthy subjects were genotyped for ADIPQ polymorphism rs266729 using the restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: we found a higher frequency of the minor allele G in MetS patients, as compared to that observed in the control group (OR = 2.17; 95 % CI, 1.26-3.70; p = 0.003). Also, the GG genotype was significantly associated with MetS risk under codominant (OR = 4.0; 95 % CI, 1.32-11.71; p = 0.014), dominant (OR = 2.16; 95 % CI, 1.12-4.03; p = 0.018), and recessive (OR = 3.33; 95 % CI, 1.14-9.45; p = 0.033) genetic models. Conclusion: our findings suggest that the minor allele G in the ADIPQ gene polymorphism rs266729 constitutes a risk factor for the development of MetS in a Mexican population of western Mexico.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la obesidad frecuentemente tiene como consecuencia una desregulacion y disrupcion de la funcion de las adipocinas, que dan lugar a varias alteraciones, incluyendo el sindrome metabolico (SM). La adiponectina es una de las principales adipocinas secretadas por los adipocitos. El polimorfismo rs266729 (-11377 C>G) del gen ADIPOQ se ha asociado significativamente con alteraciones metabolicas relacionadas con la obesidad en diferentes poblaciones. Mexico tiene una alta prevalencia de obesidad y de factores de riesgo asociados al SM. En el presente estudio investigamos la asociacion del polimorfismo rs266729 (-11377 C>G) del gen ADIPOQ con el SM en una poblacion Mexicana del occidente de Mexico. Metodos: a un total de 101 pacientes con SM y 70 sujetos sanos no relacionados se les identifico el polimorfismo rs266729 por el metodo de la PCR-RFLP. Resultados: encontramos una mayor frecuencia del alelo menor G en los pacientes con SM, en comparacion con la frecuencia observada en el grupo de control (OR = 2,17; IC 95 %: 1,26-3,70; p = 0,003). Asimismo, el genotipo GG se asocio significativamente con el SM bajo los modelos geneticos codominante (OR = 4,0; IC 95 %: 1,32-11,71; p = 0,014), dominante (OR = 2,16; IC 95 %: 1,12-4,03; p = 0,018) y recesivo (OR = 3,33; IC 95 %: 1,14-9,45; p = 0,033). Conclusión: nuestros resultados sugieren que el alelo menor G del polimorfismo rs266729 (-11377 C>G) del gen ADIPOQ representa un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de SM en la poblacion mexicana del occidente de Mexico.

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            A Comprehensive Review on Metabolic Syndrome

            Metabolic syndrome is defined by a constellation of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors that directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all cause mortality. Insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, genetic susceptibility, elevated blood pressure, hypercoagulable state, and chronic stress are the several factors which constitute the syndrome. Chronic inflammation is known to be associated with visceral obesity and insulin resistance which is characterized by production of abnormal adipocytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α , interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin. The interaction between components of the clinical phenotype of the syndrome with its biological phenotype (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, etc.) contributes to the development of a proinflammatory state and further a chronic, subclinical vascular inflammation which modulates and results in atherosclerotic processes. Lifestyle modification remains the initial intervention of choice for such population. Modern lifestyle modification therapy combines specific recommendations on diet and exercise with behavioural strategies. Pharmacological treatment should be considered for those whose risk factors are not adequately reduced with lifestyle changes. This review provides summary of literature related to the syndrome's definition, epidemiology, underlying pathogenesis, and treatment approaches of each of the risk factors comprising metabolic syndrome.
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              A clinical perspective of obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease

              The metabolic syndrome is a condition characterized by a special constellation of reversible major risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The main, diagnostic, components are reduced HDL-cholesterol, raised triglycerides, blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose, all of which are related to weight gain, specifically intra-abdominal/ectopic fat accumulation and a large waist circumference. Using internationally adopted arbitrary cut-off values for waist circumference, having metabolic syndrome doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease, but offers an effective treatment approach through weight management. Metabolic syndrome now affects 30–40% of people by age 65, driven mainly by adult weight gain, and by a genetic or epigenetic predisposition to intra-abdominal/ectopic fat accumulation related to poor intra-uterine growth. Metabolic syndrome is also promoted by a lack of subcutaneous adipose tissue, low skeletal muscle mass and anti-retroviral drugs. Reducing weight by 5–10%, by diet and exercise, with or without, anti-obesity drugs, substantially lowers all metabolic syndrome components, and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Other cardiovascular disease risk factors such as smoking should be corrected as a priority. Anti-diabetic agents which improve insulin resistance and reduce blood pressure, lipids and weight should be preferred for diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Bariatric surgery offers an alternative treatment for those with BMI ≥ 40 or 35–40 kg/m2 with other significant co-morbidity. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease is expected to rise along with the global obesity epidemic: greater emphasis should be given to effective early weight-management to reduce risk in pre-symptomatic individuals with large waists.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                February 2021
                : 38
                : 1
                : 67-72
                Affiliations
                [4] Guadalajara orgnameUniversidad de Guadalajara orgdiv1Centro Universitario de Los Altos orgdiv2Department of Clinics Mexico
                [1] Fresnillo Zacatecas orgnameUniversidad Politécnica de Zacatecas orgdiv1Department of Biotechnology Mexico
                [3] Fresnillo Zacatecas orgnameUnidad Acadèmica de Ciencias Biològicas orgdiv1MicroRNA Laboratory orgdiv2Universidad Autònoma de Zacatecas Mexico
                [2] Fresnillo Zacatecas orgnameUniversidad Politécnica de Zacatecas orgdiv1Biotechnology Engineering Program Mexico
                Article
                S0212-16112021000100067 S0212-1611(21)03800100067
                10.20960/nh.03204
                33319570
                f9de24db-70a9-4149-9cc9-81016e2f99a4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 October 2020
                : 07 June 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Sindrome metabolico,Polimorfismo,Adiponectin,Adiponectina,Metabolic syndrome,Adipocinas,Polymorphism,Adipokines

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