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      Uncontrolled Diabetes Resulting in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in a Young Male Patient and Eventually Presenting With a Stroke

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          Abstract

          Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCP) is defined as the cardiovascular damage present in diabetes patients, which is characterized by myocardial dilatation and hypertrophy, as well as a decrease in the systolic and diastolic function of the left ventricle, and its presence is independent of the coexistence of ischemic heart disease or hypertension. As in the case of the patient that we present here, DCP may be subclinical for a long time, before the appearance of serious clinical symptoms, signs and complications. DCP is poorly recognized by most physicians. Currently, there is no specific treatment for this pathologic entity. However, proper treatment of diabetes and its metabolic abnormalities in the primary care setting reduces the rates of this serious metabolic complication of diabetes. As this high-risk diabetic population is constantly rising, increasing the awareness of physicians for the serious metabolic complications of diabetes, especially in the primary care setting, will help in taking appropriate and early action towards the prevention of full -blown disease and decreasing disability and mortality.

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          Most cited references7

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          Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association

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            Diabetic cardiomyopathy: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications.

            The presence of a diabetic cardiomyopathy, independent of hypertension and coronary artery disease, is still controversial. This systematic review seeks to evaluate the evidence for the existence of this condition, to clarify the possible mechanisms responsible, and to consider possible therapeutic implications. The existence of a diabetic cardiomyopathy is supported by epidemiological findings showing the association of diabetes with heart failure; clinical studies confirming the association of diabetes with left ventricular dysfunction independent of hypertension, coronary artery disease, and other heart disease; and experimental evidence of myocardial structural and functional changes. The most important mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy are metabolic disturbances (depletion of glucose transporter 4, increased free fatty acids, carnitine deficiency, changes in calcium homeostasis), myocardial fibrosis (association with increases in angiotensin II, IGF-I, and inflammatory cytokines), small vessel disease (microangiopathy, impaired coronary flow reserve, and endothelial dysfunction), cardiac autonomic neuropathy (denervation and alterations in myocardial catecholamine levels), and insulin resistance (hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin sensitivity). This review presents evidence that diabetes is associated with a cardiomyopathy, independent of comorbid conditions, and that metabolic disturbances, myocardial fibrosis, small vessel disease, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, and insulin resistance may all contribute to the development of diabetic heart disease.
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              The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010.

              Prevention and control programmes are needed to stem the rising epidemic of diabetes and its complications. However, these will not occur unless governments and public health planners are aware of the potential problem. Using published prevalence rates for NIDDM in different populations, and the current and projected age distributions, worldwide prevalence of NIDDM was estimated for 1995 and 1997, and well as projections for 2000 and 2010. Prevalence rates used for projections were chosen to reflect changes in lifestyle with economic development. The global prevalence of IDDM was estimated using published incidence rates and population figures, incorporating the likely survival time from development of IDDM. Data on diabetes complications are also summarised but no attempt has been made to extrapolate to a global estimated. In 1997, an estimated 124 million people worldwide have diabetes, 97% of these having NIDDM. By the year 2010 the total number of people with diabetes is projected to reach 221 million. The regions with the greatest potential increases are Asia and Africa, where diabetes rates could rise to 2 or 3 times those experienced today. With improvements in the treatment of IDDM, the prevalence of this form of diabetes is likely to increase as more people survive for longer after diagnosis. Increases in complications will undoubtedly follow increasing prevalence of diabetes, but population-based studies using standardised methods of diagnosis are required before reliable estimates of the extent of the problem can be made. It is hoped that the information provided in this report, and others like it, will act as an incentive to initiate or improve local diabetes monitoring and prevention strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Family Med Prim Care
                J Family Med Prim Care
                JFMPC
                Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                2249-4863
                2278-7135
                Oct-Dec 2014
                : 3
                : 4
                : 470-472
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Kos “Hippokrates Hospital”, Greece
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Konstantinos Kritikos, Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Kos “Hippokrates Hospital”, Greece. E-mail: kkritikos@ 123456med.uoa.gr
                Article
                JFMPC-3-470
                10.4103/2249-4863.148155
                4311370
                f9e1440c-7e6f-45b1-9479-aa2b00943b7c
                Copyright: © Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                Case Report

                diabetes,diabetic cardiomyopathy,stroke
                diabetes, diabetic cardiomyopathy, stroke

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