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      Associations between Work Environment and Psychological Distress after a Workplace Terror Attack: The Importance of Role Expectations, Predictability and Leader Support

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          Abstract

          Experiencing terrorism is associated with high levels of psychological distress among survivors. The aim of the present study was to examine whether work environmental factors such as role clarity and predictability, role conflicts, and leader support may protect against elevated levels of psychological distress after a workplace terrorist attack. Data from approximately 1800 ministerial employees were collected ten months after the 2011 Oslo bombing attack which targeted the Norwegian ministries. The results show that after a traumatic event, lower role conflicts, higher role clarity, higher predictability, and higher leader support were independently associated with lower psychological distress. These findings suggest that the workplace environment may be a facilitator of employees’ mental health after stressful events.

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          Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis.

          S. Cohen, T A Wills (1985)
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            Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: a quantitative review of 25 years of research.

            David F Tolin, Edna B. Foa (2006)
            Meta-analyses of studies yielding sex-specific risk of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicated that female participants were more likely than male participants to meet criteria for PTSD, although they were less likely to experience PTEs. Female participants were more likely than male participants to experience sexual assault and child sexual abuse, but less likely to experience accidents, nonsexual assaults, witnessing death or injury, disaster or fire, and combat or war. Among victims of specific PTEs (excluding sexual assault or abuse), female participants exhibited greater PTSD. Thus, sex differences in risk of exposure to particular types of PTE can only partially account for the differential PTSD risk in male and female participants. (c) 2006 APA, All Rights Reserved.
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              Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City.

              Sandro Galea, Jennifer Ahern, Heidi S Resnick … (2002)
              The scope of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was unprecedented in the United States. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of acute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among residents of Manhattan five to eight weeks after the attacks. We used random-digit dialing to contact a representative sample of adults living south of 110th Street in Manhattan. Participants were asked about demographic characteristics, exposure to the events of September 11, and psychological symptoms after the attacks. Among 1008 adults interviewed, 7.5 percent reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of current PTSD related to the attacks, and 9.7 percent reported symptoms consistent with current depression (with "current" defined as occurring within the previous 30 days). Among respondents who lived south of Canal Street (i.e., near the World Trade Center), the prevalence of PTSD was 20.0 percent. Predictors of PTSD in a multivariate model were Hispanic ethnicity, two or more prior stressors, a panic attack during or shortly after the events, residence south of Canal Street, and loss of possessions due to the events. Predictors of depression were Hispanic ethnicity, two or more prior stressors, a panic attack, a low level of social support, the death of a friend or relative during the attacks, and loss of a job due to the attacks. There was a substantial burden of acute PTSD and depression in Manhattan after the September 11 attacks. Experiences involving exposure to the attacks were predictors of current PTSD, and losses as a result of the events were predictors of current depression. In the aftermath of terrorist attacks, there may be substantial psychological morbidity in the population.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Vincenzo Lionetti: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 March 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0119492
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
                [2 ]National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
                [3 ]Department of psychosocial science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
                [4 ]Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
                Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: MSB MBN SK TH. Performed the experiments: MSB SK TH. Analyzed the data: MSB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MBN SK TH. Wrote the paper: MSB MBN SK TH.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-14-39744
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119492
                PMC ID: 4358948
                PubMed ID: 25769023
                SO-VID: f9e4ee2e-c089-456a-8b3f-59bf3f0d3c7a
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2015
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

                History
                Date received : 4 September 2014
                Date accepted : 22 January 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 2, Pages: 8
                Funding
                This project has been financially supported by the Norwegian ExtraFoundation for Health and Rehabilitation through EXTRA funds. Grant number: 2.13/2/0021. URL: http://www.extrastiftelsen.no/. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability Data are from the study "Health, well-being and working environment in the aftermath of the 2011 Oslo bombing: A study of employees in the Government Quarter and the Ministries". Public availability would compromise privacy of the respondents. According to the approval from the Norwegian Regional committees for medical and health research ethics, the data is to be stored properly and in line with the Norwegian Law of privacy protection. However, anonymized data is freely available to interested researchers upon request, pending ethical approval from our Ethics committee. Interested researchers can contact project leader Prof. Trond Heir ( trond.heir@ 123456medisin.no ) with requests for the data underlying our findings.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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