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      Influence of altitude as a proxy for temperature on key Musa pests and diseases in watershed areas of Burundi and Rwanda

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          Abstract

          Pests and diseases are key biotic constraints limiting banana production among smallholder farmers in Eastern and Central Africa. Climate changemay favour pest and disease development and further exacerbate the vulnerability of smallholder farming systems to biotic constraints. Information on effects of climate change on pests and pathogens of banana is required byby policy makers and researchers in designing control strategies and adaptation plans. Since altitude is inversely related to temperature, this study used the occurrence of key banana pests and diseases along an altitude gradient as a proxy for the potential impact of changes in temperature associated with global warming on pests and diseases. We assessed the occurrence of banana pests and diseases in 93 banana fields across three altitude ranges in Burundi and 99 fields distributed in two altitude ranges in Rwanda watersheds. Incidence and prevalence of Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD) and Fusarium wilt (FW) was significantly associated with temperature and altitude in Burundi, revealing that increasing temperatures may lead to upward movement of banana diseases. No significant associations with temperature and altitude were observed for weevils, nematodes and Xanthomonas wilt of banana (BXW). Data collected in this study provides a baseline to verify and guide modelling work to predict future pest and disease distribution according to climate change scenarios. Such information is useful in informing policy makers and designing appropriate management strategies.

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          Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude.

          The literature on the response of insect species to the changing environments experienced along altitudinal gradients is diverse and widely dispersed. There is a growing awareness that such responses may serve as analogues for climate warming effects occurring at a particular fixed altitude or latitude over time. This review seeks, therefore, to synthesise information on the responses of insects and allied groups to increasing altitude and provide a platform for future research. It focuses on those functional aspects of insect biology that show positive or negative reaction to altitudinal changes but avoids emphasising adaptation to high altitude per se. Reactions can be direct, with insect characteristics or performance responding to changing environmental parameters, or they can be indirect and mediated through the insect's interaction with other organisms. These organisms include the host plant in the case of herbivorous insects, and also competitor species, specific parasitoids, predators and pathogens. The manner in which these various factors individually and collectively influence the morphology, behaviour, ecophysiology, growth and development, survival, reproduction, and spatial distribution of insect species is considered in detail. Resultant patterns in the abundance of individual species populations and of community species richness are examined. Attempts are made throughout to provide mechanistic explanations of trends and to place each topic, where appropriate, into the broader theoretical context by appropriate reference to key literature. The paper concludes by considering how montane insect species will respond to climate warming.
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            Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems

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              The global spread of crop pests and pathogens

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Heliyon
                Heliyon
                Heliyon
                Elsevier
                2405-8440
                18 February 2023
                March 2023
                18 February 2023
                : 9
                : 3
                : e13854
                Affiliations
                [a ]International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA-Uganda), P. O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda
                [b ]International Potato Center (CIP-Uganda), P. O. Box 22274, Kampala, Uganda
                [c ]Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), P.O. Box 765, Entebbe, Uganda
                [d ]International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA-Burundi), P. O. Box 1893, Bujumbura, Burundi
                [e ]Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT, P.O. Box 24384, Plot 106, Kampala, Uganda
                [f ]International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA-Tanzania), P. O. Box 34443, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
                [g ]Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT, c/o ILRI, P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. v.nakato@ 123456cgiar.org
                Article
                S2405-8440(23)01061-7 e13854
                10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13854
                9988580
                36895396
                fa096fbc-648f-4b5a-9a50-2b631cfaaad4
                © 2023 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 22 December 2021
                : 15 November 2022
                : 14 February 2023
                Categories
                Research Article

                banana bunchy top disease,banana nematodes,banana weevils,elevation gradient,fusarium wilt,global warming,pest risk analysis,xanthomonas wilt of banana

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