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      A Review on the Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics of Amentoflavone, a Naturally-Occurring Biflavonoid

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          Abstract

          Amentoflavone (C 30H 18O 10) is a well-known biflavonoid occurring in many natural plants. This polyphenolic compound has been discovered to have some important bioactivities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, and anti-senescence effects on many important reactions in the cardiovascular and central nervous system, etc. Over 120 plants have been found to contain this bioactive component, such as Selaginellaceae, Cupressaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Podocarpaceae, and Calophyllaceae plant families. This review paper aims to profile amentoflavone on its plant sources, natural derivatives, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics, and to highlight some existing issues and perspectives in the future.

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          Biflavonoids from Torreya nucifera displaying SARS-CoV 3CL pro inhibition

          Young Bae Ryu, Hyung Jeong, Jang Hoon Kim … (2010)
          Graphical abstract Inhibitory activity appeared to be associated with the presence of an apigenin moiety at position C-3′ of flavones, as biflavonoid had an effect on SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitory activity.
          Article 0 comments Cited 236 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Evaluation of alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent in extraction and determination of flavonoids with response surface methodology optimization.

            Wentao Bi, Minglei Tian, Kyung Row (2013)
            Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging rapidly as a new type of green solvent instead of an ionic liquid (IL), and are typically formed by mixing choline chloride with hydrogen bond donors. Few studies have applied DESs to the extraction and determination of bioactive compounds. Therefore, in the present study, DESs were used to extract flavonoids (myricetin and amentoflavone), which are well known and widely used antioxidants, to extend their applications. A range of alcohol-based DESs with different alcohols to choline chloride (ChCl) mixing ratios were used for extraction using several extraction methods. Other factors, such as temperature, time, water addition and solid/liquid ratio, were examined systematically using a response surface methodology (RSM). A total of 0.031 and 0.518 mg g(-1) of myricetin and amentoflavone were extracted under the optimized conditions: 35 vol% of water in ChCl/1,4-butanediol (1/5) at 70.0 °C for 40.0 min and a solid/liquid ratio of 1/1 (g 10 mL(-1)). Good linearity was obtained from 0.1 × 10(-3) to 0.1 mg mL(-1) (r(2)>0.999). The excellent properties of DESs highlight their potential as promising green solvents for the extraction and determination of a range of bioactive compounds or drugs.
            Article 0 comments Cited 122 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              In vitro anti-HIV activity of biflavonoids isolated from Rhus succedanea and Garcinia multiflora.

              J Pezzuto, M Flavin, Y. Lin … (1997)
              Eleven biflavonoids, including amentoflavone (1), agathisflavone (2), robustaflavone (3), hinokiflavone (4), volkensiflavone (5), morelloflavone (7), rhusflavanone (9), succedaneaflavanone (10), GB-1a (11), GB-1a 7"-O-beta-glucoside (13), and GB-2a (14) isolated from Rhus succedanea and Garcinia multiflora, as well as their methyl ethers, volkensiflavone hexamethyl ether (6), morelloflavone heptamethyl ether (8), and GB-1a hexamethyl ether (12), were evaluated for their anti-HIV-1 RT activity. The results indicated that compounds 3 and 4 demonstrated similar activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), with IC50 values of 65 microM. Compounds 1, 2, 7, 11, and 14 were moderately active against HIV-1 RT, with IC50 values of 119 microM, 100 microM, 116 microM, 236 microM, and 170 microM, respectively. Morelloflavone (7) also demonstrated significant antiviral activity against HIV-1 (strain LAV-1) in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells at an EC50 value of 6.9 microM and a selectivity index value of approximately 10. The other biflavonoids were either weakly active, inactive, or not selective against HIV-1 in human lymphocytes.
              Article 0 comments Cited 54 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Thomas J. Schmidt: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 February 2017
                Publication date Collection: February 2017
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 299
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China; yusheng1219@ 123456163.com (S.Y.); glory-yan@ 123456163.com (H.Y.); zhangliguanxiong@ 123456163.com (L.Z.); chenpeidong1970@ 123456163.com (P.C.); awding105@ 123456163.com (A.D.)
                [2 ]Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; chmlifys@ 123456nus.edu.sg
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: shanmingqiu@ 123456163.com ; Tel.: +86-25-8581-1519; Fax: +86-25-8581-1524
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-22-00299
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020299
                PMC ID: 6155574
                PubMed ID: 28212342
                SO-VID: fa315f1e-97fa-4984-9b8a-1f0ef74e52ae
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 12 January 2017
                Date accepted : 14 February 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: amentoflavone,biflavonoid,natural derivatives,pharmacokinetics,pharmacology,phytochemistry
                Data availability:
                Keywords: amentoflavone, biflavonoid, natural derivatives, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, phytochemistry

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