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      Pharmacological Basis for Use of Selaginella moellendorffii in Gouty Arthritis: Antihyperuricemic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition

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          Abstract

          This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of Selaginella moellendorffii Hieron. (SM) on gouty arthritis and getting an insight of the possible mechanisms. HPLC method was developed for chemical analysis. The paw oedema, the neutrophil accumulation, inflammatory mediators, lipid peroxidation, and histopathological changes of the joints were analyzed in gouty arthritis rat model, and the kidney injury and serum urate were detected in hyperuricemic mice. Pharmacokinetic result demonstrated that the main apigenin glycosides might be quantitatively transformed into apigenin in the mammalian body. Among these compounds, the apigenin exhibited the strongest effect on xanthine oxidase (XOD). SM aqueous extract has proved to be active in reducing hyperuricemia in dose-dependent manner, and the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) in high dose group were decreased significantly as compared with hyperuricemic control group ( P < 0.01). The high dose of SM extract could significantly prevent the paw swelling, reduce gouty joint inflammatory features, reduce the release of IL-1 β and TNF- α, lower malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, and increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) level ( P < 0.01). For the first time, this study provides a rational basis for the traditional use of SM aqueous extract against gout in folk medicine.

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          Most cited references38

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          Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men.

          Various purine-rich foods and high protein intake have long been thought to be risk factors for gout. Similarly, the possibility that the consumption of dairy products has a role in protecting against gout has been raised by metabolic studies. We prospectively investigated the association of these dietary factors with new cases of gout. Over a 12-year period, we prospectively examined the relationship between purported dietary risk factors and new cases of gout among 47,150 men who had no history of gout at base line. We used a supplementary questionnaire to ascertain whether participants met the American College of Rheumatology survey criteria for gout. Diet was assessed every four years by means of a food-frequency questionnaire. During the 12 years of the study, we documented 730 confirmed new cases of gout. The multivariate relative risk of gout among men in the highest quintile of meat intake, as compared with those in the lowest quintile, was 1.41 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.86; P for trend = 0.02), and the corresponding relative risk associated with seafood intake was 1.51 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.17 to 1.95; P for trend = 0.02). In contrast, the incidence of gout decreased with increasing intake of dairy products; the multivariate relative risk among men in the highest quintile, as compared with those in the lowest quintile, was 0.56 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.42 to 0.74; P for trend <0.001). The level of consumption of purine-rich vegetables and the total protein intake were not associated with an increased risk of gout. Higher levels of meat and seafood consumption are associated with an increased risk of gout, whereas a higher level of consumption of dairy products is associated with a decreased risk. Moderate intake of purine-rich vegetables or protein is not associated with an increased risk of gout. Copyright 2004 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            Structure-activity relationship and classification of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and superoxide scavengers.

            The structure-activity relationship of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and as scavengers of the superoxide radical, produced by the action of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, was investigated. The hydroxyl groups at C-5 and C-7 and the double bond between C-2 and C-3 were essential for a high inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase. Flavones showed slightly higher inhibitory activity than flavonols. All flavonoid derivatives except isorhamnetin (30) were less active than the original compounds. For a high superoxide scavenging activity on the other hand, a hydroxyl group at C-3' in ring B and at C-3 were essential. According to their effect on xanthine oxidase and as superoxide scavengers, the flavonoids could be classified into six groups: superoxide scavengers without inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase (category A), xanthine oxidase inhibitors without any additional superoxide scavenging activity (category B), xanthine oxidase inhibitors with an additional superoxide scavenging activity (category C), xanthine oxidase inhibitors with an additional pro-oxidant effect on the production of superoxide (category D), flavonoids with a marginal effect on xanthine oxidase but with a prooxidant effect on the production of superoxide (category E), and finally, flavonoids with no effect on xanthine oxidase or superoxide (category F).
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              Clinical practice. Gout.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                ECAM
                Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                1741-427X
                1741-4288
                2017
                5 January 2017
                : 2017
                : 2103254
                Affiliations
                1Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription and College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
                2Department of Pharmacy, Huanggang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanggang 438000, China
                3State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
                Author notes
                *Guang-rui Deng: ruiqilin@ 123456126.com and

                Academic Editor: Marie-Geneviève Dijoux-Franca

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9625-9740
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9838-0990
                Article
                10.1155/2017/2103254
                5307293
                fa3b5065-e406-4657-9da7-3a562ae614d8
                Copyright © 2017 Ping Zhao et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 19 August 2016
                : 7 November 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation Project
                Award ID: 30470193
                Funded by: Education Department of Hubei Province
                Award ID: Q20142007
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province
                Award ID: 2013CFC055
                Funded by: Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
                Award ID: XJ2014KJ008
                Categories
                Research Article

                Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Complementary & Alternative medicine

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