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      Identification of viral RNA sequences in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) from central Mexico Translated title: Identificación de secuencias de ARN viral en murciélagos vampiros (Desmodus rotundus) de México central

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          Abstract

          Abstract Bats are important reservoirs of viral entities that cause diverse economical and health problems in several sectors. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the rabies virus in vampire bats. We also tested for 3 other zoonotic viruses in the collected tissue. We captured 45 vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus), which were measured and sexed under standard parameters. We followed an RT-PCR reaction to amplify the viral products of four virus types: chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue (DENV), rabies (RABV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) from cerebral tissue. We obtained an amplicon of 100 bp for ZIKV in 2 samples, representing a prevalence of 4.4%. An amplicon of 581 bp for RABV was observed in 9 individuals, which is equivalent to 20% of our sample. We obtained 4 different haplotypes for RABV and a single haplotype for ZIKV. We did not record the presence of DENV and CHIKV. We corroborated the presence of the family Rhabdoviridae in the vampire bat and recorded the presence of ZIKV for the first time in this bat species.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Los murciélagos son reservorios importantes de virus que pueden causar diversos problemas económicos y de salud en diferentes sectores. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del virus de la rabia en murciélagos vampiro. También se evaluó la prevalencia de 3 virus zoonóticos más en el tejido recolectado. Se capturó un total de 45 individuos, los cuales fueron medidos y sexados bajo parámetros estándar. Se efectuó la reacción de RT-PCR para amplificar los productos virales de 4 tipos de virus: chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue (DENV), rabia (RABV) y Zika (ZIKV) de tejido cerebral. Se obtuvo un amplicón de 100 pb para ZIKV en 2 muestras, lo que representa una prevalencia del 4.4%. Para el caso de RABV, se obtuvo un amplicón de 581 pb en 9 individuos, lo que equivale al 20% de la muestra. Se obtuvieron 4 haplotipos diferentes para RABV y un solo haplotipo para ZIKV. También se evaluó la presencia de virus del dengue (DENV) y virus de chikungunya (CHIKV), pero no se encontraron muestras positivas. Se corroboró la presencia de la familia Rhabdoviridae en el murciélago vampiro y se registró por primera vez la presencia de ZIKV en Desmodus rotundus.

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          Bats: important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses.

          Bats (order Chiroptera, suborders Megachiroptera ["flying foxes"] and Microchiroptera) are abundant, diverse, and geographically widespread. These mammals provide us with resources, but their importance is minimized and many of their populations and species are at risk, even threatened or endangered. Some of their characteristics (food choices, colonial or solitary nature, population structure, ability to fly, seasonal migration and daily movement patterns, torpor and hibernation, life span, roosting behaviors, ability to echolocate, virus susceptibility) make them exquisitely suitable hosts of viruses and other disease agents. Bats of certain species are well recognized as being capable of transmitting rabies virus, but recent observations of outbreaks and epidemics of newly recognized human and livestock diseases caused by viruses transmitted by various megachiropteran and microchiropteran bats have drawn attention anew to these remarkable mammals. This paper summarizes information regarding chiropteran characteristics and information regarding 66 viruses that have been isolated from bats. From these summaries, it is clear that we do not know enough about bat biology; we are doing too little in terms of bat conservation; and there remain a multitude of questions regarding the role of bats in disease emergence.
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            Molecular diversity of coronaviruses in bats

            The existence of coronaviruses in bats is unknown until the recent discovery of bat-SARS-CoV in Chinese horseshoe bats and a novel group 1 coronavirus in other bat species. Among 309 bats of 13 species captured from 20 different locations in rural areas of Hong Kong over a 16-month period, coronaviruses were amplified from anal swabs of 37 (12%) bats by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase (pol) and helicase genes revealed six novel coronaviruses from six different bat species, in addition to the two previously described coronaviruses. Among the six novel coronaviruses, four were group 1 coronaviruses (bat-CoV HKU2 from Chinese horseshoe bat, bat-CoV HKU6 from rickett's big-footed bat, bat-CoV HKU7 from greater bent-winged bat and bat-CoV HKU8 from lesser bent-winged bat) and two were group 2 coronaviruses (bat-CoV HKU4 from lesser bamboo bats and bat-CoV HKU5 from Japanese pipistrelles). An astonishing diversity of coronaviruses was observed in bats.
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              Bats are a major natural reservoir for hepaciviruses and pegiviruses.

              Although there are over 1,150 bat species worldwide, the diversity of viruses harbored by bats has only recently come into focus as a result of expanded wildlife surveillance. Such surveys are of importance in determining the potential for novel viruses to emerge in humans, and for optimal management of bats and their habitats. To enhance our knowledge of the viral diversity present in bats, we initially surveyed 415 sera from African and Central American bats. Unbiased high-throughput sequencing revealed the presence of a highly diverse group of bat-derived viruses related to hepaciviruses and pegiviruses within the family Flaviridae. Subsequent PCR screening of 1,258 bat specimens collected worldwide indicated the presence of these viruses also in North America and Asia. A total of 83 bat-derived viruses were identified, representing an infection rate of nearly 5%. Evolutionary analyses revealed that all known hepaciviruses and pegiviruses, including those previously documented in humans and other primates, fall within the phylogenetic diversity of the bat-derived viruses described here. The prevalence, unprecedented viral biodiversity, phylogenetic divergence, and worldwide distribution of the bat-derived viruses suggest that bats are a major and ancient natural reservoir for both hepaciviruses and pegiviruses and provide insights into the evolutionary history of hepatitis C virus and the human GB viruses.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmbiodiv
                Revista mexicana de biodiversidad
                Rev. Mex. Biodiv.
                Instituto de Biología (México, DF, Mexico )
                1870-3453
                2007-8706
                2022
                : 93
                : e934021
                Affiliations
                [3] orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas orgdiv2Departamento de Zoología Mexico
                [1] Miguel Hidalgo Ciudad de México orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas orgdiv2Departamento de Zoología Mexico
                [2] Miguel Hidalgo Ciudad de México orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas orgdiv2Departamento de Microbiología Mexico
                [4] Lubbock Texas orgnameTexas Tech University orgdiv1Department of Biological Sciences United States
                Article
                S1870-34532022000100318 S1870-3453(22)09300000318
                10.22201/ib.20078706e.2022.93.4021
                fa5f69e4-9bd8-4158-bdf4-268deb6cfad4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 April 2021
                : 04 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 73, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Ecology

                Ecology
                Rabia,Flaviviridae,Dengue,Chikungunya,Zika,Vampire bat,Rhabdoviridae,Rabies,Murciélago vampiro
                Ecology
                Rabia, Flaviviridae, Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, Vampire bat, Rhabdoviridae, Rabies, Murciélago vampiro

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