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      The Value of Multiple‐Generation Cohorts for Studying Parenting and Child Development

      research-article
      1 ,
      Child Development Perspectives
      John Wiley and Sons Inc.
      cohort, intergenerational, longitudinal

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          Abstract

          Participants in longitudinal studies that followed children into adulthood now have children of their own, which has enabled researchers to establish multiple‐generation cohorts. In this article, I illustrate the benefits of multiple‐generation cohort studies for developmental researchers, including: (a) the impact of child and adolescent characteristics (i.e., preconception factors) on parenthood can be studied from a developmental perspective and without having to rely on retrospective reports, (b) intergenerational continuity and transmission can be examined for psychological, behavioral, and social development, and by comparing parent and offspring generations for the same developmental period, and (c) the interplay of genetic and environmental influences on parenting and child development can be disentangled. Even though multiple‐generation studies pose unique logistical and methodological challenges, such cohorts are indispensable for rigorous research into parenting and the origins of child development.

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          Most cited references36

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          Cohort Profile: The ‘Children of the 90s’—the index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

          The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is a transgenerational prospective observational study investigating influences on health and development across the life course. It considers multiple genetic, epigenetic, biological, psychological, social and other environmental exposures in relation to a similarly diverse range of health, social and developmental outcomes. Recruitment sought to enrol pregnant women in the Bristol area of the UK during 1990–92; this was extended to include additional children eligible using the original enrolment definition up to the age of 18 years. The children from 14 541 pregnancies were recruited in 1990–92, increasing to 15 247 pregnancies by the age of 18 years. This cohort profile describes the index children of these pregnancies. Follow-up includes 59 questionnaires (4 weeks–18 years of age) and 9 clinical assessment visits (7–17 years of age). The resource comprises a wide range of phenotypic and environmental measures in addition to biological samples, genetic (DNA on 11 343 children, genome-wide data on 8365 children, complete genome sequencing on 2000 children) and epigenetic (methylation sampling on 1000 children) information and linkage to health and administrative records. Data access is described in this article and is currently set up as a supported access resource. To date, over 700 peer-reviewed articles have been published using ALSPAC data.
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            Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence

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              The determinants of parenting: a process model.

              Jay Belsky (1984)
              This essay is based on the assumption that a long-neglected topic of socialization, the determinants of individual differences in parental functioning, is illuminated by research on the etiology of child maltreatment. Three domains of determinants are identified (personal psychological resources of parents, characteristics of the child, and contextual sources of stress and support), and a process model of competent parental functioning is offered on the basis of the analysis. The model presumes that parental functioning is multiply determined, that sources of contextual stress and support can directly affect parenting or indirectly affect parenting by first influencing individual psychological well-being, that personality influences contextual support/stress, which feeds back to shape parenting, and that, in order of importance, the personal psychological resources of the parent are more effective in buffering the parent-child relation from stress than are contextual sources of support, which are themselves more effective than characteristics of the child.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                t.kretschmer@rug.nl
                Journal
                Child Dev Perspect
                Child Dev Perspect
                10.1111/(ISSN)1750-8606
                CDEP
                Child Development Perspectives
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1750-8592
                1750-8606
                22 March 2021
                June 2021
                : 15
                : 2 ( doiID: 10.1111/cdep.v15.2 )
                : 83-89
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] University of Groningen
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Tina Kretschmer, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 38, Groningen 9712TJ, The Netherlands; e‐mail: t.kretschmer@ 123456rug.nl .

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6936-9285
                Article
                CDEP12403
                10.1111/cdep.12403
                8251532
                34239600
                fa741461-5b17-4f2f-b924-c3226b7f07a7
                © 2021 The Authors. Child Development Perspectives published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Research in Child Development

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 0, Pages: 7, Words: 5051
                Funding
                Funded by: H2020 European Research Council , open-funder-registry 10.13039/100010663;
                Award ID: 757364
                Categories
                Article
                Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                June 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.4 mode:remove_FC converted:02.07.2021

                cohort,intergenerational,longitudinal
                cohort, intergenerational, longitudinal

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