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      Antiviral effect of diammonium glycyrrhizinate and lithium chloride on cell infection by pseudorabies herpesvirus

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          Abstract

          Diammonium glycyrrhizin (DG), a salt from glycyrrhizinate (GL) that is a major active component of licorice root extract with various pharmacological activities was investigated for its inhibitory effect on pseudorabies virus (PrV) infection. In parallel, lithium chloride (LiCl), a chemical reagent with potential antiviral activity was compared with DG for their inhibitory ability against PrV infection in vitro. Virus plaque-reduction assays, PCR and RT-PCR analysis indicated that both drugs inhibited cell infection by PrV. Moreover, addition of the drugs resulted in fewer apoptotic cells during PrV infection.

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          Complete, annotated sequence of the pseudorabies virus genome.

          Barbara G Klupp, Christoph J Hengartner, Thomas C Mettenleiter … (2004)
          We have obtained the complete DNA sequence of pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus also known as Aujeszky's disease virus or suid herpesvirus 1, using sequence fragments derived from six different strains (Kaplan, Becker, Rice, Indiana-Funkhauser, NIA-3, and TNL). The assembled PRV genome sequence comprises 143,461 nucleotides. As expected, it matches the predicted gene arrangement, genome size, and restriction enzyme digest patterns. More than 70 open reading frames were identified with homologs in related alphaherpesviruses; none were unique to PRV. RNA polymerase II transcriptional control elements in the PRV genome, including core promoters, splice sites, and polyadenylation sites, were identified with computer prediction programs. The correlation between predicted and experimentally determined transcription start and stop sites was excellent. The transcriptional control architecture is characterized by three key features: core transcription elements shared between genes, yielding divergent transcripts and a large number of coterminal transcripts; bifunctional transcriptional elements, yielding head-to-tail transcripts; and short repetitive sequences that could function as insulators against improperly terminated transcripts. Many of these features are conserved in the alphaherpesvirus subfamily and have important implications for gene array analyses.
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            Mechanism of inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizin on replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

            Masahiko Ito, Akihiko Sato, Kazuhiro HIRABAYASHI … (1988)
            Glycyrrhizin (GL) achieved a dose-dependent inhibition of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in MOLT-4 (clone No. 8) cells within the concentration range of 0.075 to 0.6 mM. Within this concentration range, GL also effected a dose-dependent reduction in the protein kinase C (PKC) activity of MOLT-4 (clone No. 8) cells. A well-known PKC inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride (H-7), also proved inhibitory to HIV-1 replication in MOLT-4 (clone No. 8) cells. PKC inhibition may thus be considered as one of the mechanisms by which GL inhibits HIV-1 replication. In addition, GL may also owe its anti-HIV-1 activity, at least in part, to an interference with virus-cell binding, since the compound at 1.2 mM partially inhibited the adsorption of radiolabeled HIV-1 particles to MT-4 cells. At this concentration GL also suppressed giant cell formation induced by co-culturing MOLT-4 (clone No. 8) cells with MOLT-4/HTLV-IIIB cells, whereas the PKC inhibitor H-7 failed to do so.
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              Inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizin on the in vitro infectivity and cytopathic activity of the human immunodeficiency virus [HIV (HTLV-III/LAV)].

              Masahiko Ito, Hideki Nakashima, Masanori Baba … (1987)
              Glycyrrhizin (GL), one of the plant extracts, was investigated for its antiviral action on the human immunodeficiency virus [HIV (HTLV-III/LAV)] in vitro, using cytopathic effect and plaque forming assay system in MT-4 cells (a HTLV-I-carrying cell line). Cloned Molt-4 cells (clone No. 8), which are sensitive to HIV and fuse to giant cells after infection, were also used as a parameter for cytopathic effect of HIV. GL completely inhibited HIV-induced plaque formation in MT-4 cells at a concentration of 0.6 mM, the 50% inhibitory dose being 0.15 mM. GL completely inhibited the cytopathic effect of HIV and the HIV-specific antigen expression in MT-4 cells at a concentration of 0.3 and 0.6 mM, respectively. Furthermore, GL inhibited giant cell formation of HIV-infected Molt-4 clone No. 8 cells. GL had no direct effect on the reverse transcriptase of HIV. Its mechanism of anti-HIV action remains to be elucidated.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xiaofeng Ren
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antiviral Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antiviral Res
                Title: Antiviral Research
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0166-3542
                ISSN (Electronic): 1872-9096
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 October 2009
                Publication date (Print): February 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 October 2009
                Volume: 85
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 346-353
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
                [b ]Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 451 55190385; fax: +86 451 55103336. rxfemail@ 123456yahoo.com.cn renxf@ 123456neau.edu.cn
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0166-3542(09)00501-4
                DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.014
                PMC ID: 7114117
                PubMed ID: 19879899
                SO-VID: fa920807-ffff-475e-90fb-fdfa51d6b474
                Copyright © Copyright © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 21 January 2009
                Date revision received : 8 August 2009
                Date accepted : 21 October 2009
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: diammonium glycyrrhizinate,lithium chloride,pseudorabies virus (prv),apoptosis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: diammonium glycyrrhizinate, lithium chloride, pseudorabies virus (prv), apoptosis

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