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      The Rush of Regret : A Longitudinal Analysis of Naturalistic Regrets

      Social Psychological and Personality Science
      SAGE Publications

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          Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives.

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            The functional theory of counterfactual thinking.

            Counterfactuals are thoughts about alternatives to past events, that is, thoughts of what might have been. This article provides an updated account of the functional theory of counterfactual thinking, suggesting that such thoughts are best explained in terms of their role in behavior regulation and performance improvement. The article reviews a wide range of cognitive experiments indicating that counterfactual thoughts may influence behavior by either of two routes: a content-specific pathway (which involves specific informational effects on behavioral intentions, which then influence behavior) and a content-neutral pathway (which involves indirect effects via affect, mind-sets, or motivation). The functional theory is particularly useful in organizing recent findings regarding counterfactual thinking and mental health. The article concludes by considering the connections to other theoretical conceptions, especially recent advances in goal cognition.
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              From chump to champ: people's appraisals of their earlier and present selves.

              The authors present and test a theory of temporal self-appraisal. According to the theory, people can maintain their typically favorable self-regard by disparaging their distant and complimenting their recent past selves. This pattern of appraisals should be stronger for more important attributes because of their greater impact on self-regard and stronger for self-ratings than for ratings of other people. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that participants are more critical of distant past selves than of current selves, and Study 3 showed that this effect is obtained even when concurrent evaluations indicate no actual improvement. Studies 4 and 5 revealed that people perceived greater improvement for self than for acquaintances and siblings over the same time period. Study 6 provided support for the predicted effects of temporal distance and attribute importance on people's evaluation of past selves.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Social Psychological and Personality Science
                Social Psychological and Personality Science
                SAGE Publications
                1948-5506
                1948-5514
                March 15 2011
                April 20 2011
                : 2
                : 6
                : 627-634
                Article
                10.1177/1948550611405072
                fa975ea0-fa54-4810-8618-703ec1591af8
                © 2011
                History

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