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      Two new ootaxa from the late Jurassic: The oldest record of crocodylomorph eggs, from the Lourinhã Formation, Portugal

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          Abstract

          The Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation is known for its abundant remains of dinosaurs, crocodylomorphs and other vertebrates. Among this record are nine localities that have produced either dinosaur embryos, eggs or eggshell fragments. Herein, we describe and identify the first crocodiloid morphotype eggs and eggshells from the Lourinhã Formation, from five occurrences. One clutch from Cambelas, composed of 13 eggs, eggshell fragments from Casal da Rola and Peralta, one crushed egg and eggshells from Paimogo North, and four crushed eggs as well as eggshell fragments from Paimogo South. We observed and confirmed diagnostic morphological characters for crocodiloid eggshells and which are consistent with a crocodylomorph affinity, such as the ellipsoidal shape, wedge-shaped shell units, triangular extinction under cross-polarized light, and tabular ultrastructure. This material is distinctive enough to propose two new ootaxa within the oofamily Krokolithidae, Suchoolithus portucalensis, oogen. and oosp. nov., for the material from Cambelas, the most complete clutch known for crocodiloid eggs, and Krokolithes dinophilus, oosp. nov., for the remaining material. These are the oldest crocodylomorph eggs known, extending the fossil record for this group to the Late Jurassic. Furthermore, except for the clutch from Cambelas, the material was found with theropod eggs and nests, in the other four occurrences, which seem to suggest some form of biological relationship, still unclear at this point.

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          PHYLOGENETICAPPROACHESTOWARDCROCODYLIANHISTORY

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            Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis(Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms : Lusotitanand Titanosauriform Evolution

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              Climate constrains the evolutionary history and biodiversity of crocodylians

              The fossil record of crocodylians and their relatives (pseudosuchians) reveals a rich evolutionary history, prompting questions about causes of long-term decline to their present-day low biodiversity. We analyse climatic drivers of subsampled pseudosuchian biodiversity over their 250 million year history, using a comprehensive new data set. Biodiversity and environmental changes correlate strongly, with long-term decline of terrestrial taxa driven by decreasing temperatures in northern temperate regions, and biodiversity decreases at lower latitudes matching patterns of increasing aridification. However, there is no relationship between temperature and biodiversity for marine pseudosuchians, with sea-level change and post-extinction opportunism demonstrated to be more important drivers. A ‘modern-type' latitudinal biodiversity gradient might have existed throughout pseudosuchian history, and range expansion towards the poles occurred during warm intervals. Although their fossil record suggests that current global warming might promote long-term increases in crocodylian biodiversity and geographic range, the 'balancing forces' of anthropogenic environmental degradation complicate future predictions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                8 March 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 3
                : e0171919
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GeoBioTec, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
                [2 ]Museu da Lourinhã, Lourinhã, Portugal
                [3 ]Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
                [4 ]Departamento de Geociências, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
                University of Akron, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: JR OM MM.

                • Investigation: JR MM.

                • Methodology: JR OM MM.

                • Project administration: OM.

                • Resources: OM AB.

                • Supervision: OM AB.

                • Visualization: JR OM MM.

                • Writing – original draft: JR OM MM.

                • Writing – review & editing: JR OM MM.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7730-1395
                Article
                PONE-D-16-13167
                10.1371/journal.pone.0171919
                5342183
                28273086
                faa0c629-e214-45ad-8fb9-808bcb9d6312
                © 2017 Russo et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 31 March 2016
                : 27 January 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 10, Tables: 0, Pages: 23
                Funding
                This research was partly funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia ( http://www.fct.pt/), Portugal, through the grant PTDC/BIA-EVF/11322/2009. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Earth Sciences
                Geology
                Geologic Time
                Mesozoic Era
                Jurassic Period
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Oviposition
                Clutches
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Oviposition
                Clutches
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                Paleontology
                Fossils
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                Organisms
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                Archosauria
                Dinosaurs
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                Theropoda
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                Biology and Life Sciences
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                Earth Sciences
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