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      El aprendizaje activo y el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas en la formación de los profesionales de la salud Translated title: The active learning and the development of cognitive abilities in the academic training of health professions

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          Abstract

          En esta revisión se presentan las habilidades cognitivas como el objetivo del aprendizaje activo y se explican brevemente cada una de las estrategias didácticas que facilitan su logro. Como docentes, nuestro papel es el de experto disciplinar, y para fomentar las competencias de los estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud podemos incorporar de forma racional cada una de las estrategias que se presentan en este artículo a nuestro portafolio didáctico sin perder de vista el resultado de aprendizaje, competencia o capacidad que deseamos que nuestros estudiantes alcancen. Este documento busca ser una disonancia cognitiva para los docentes de las Ciencias de la Salud, que los invite a profundizar, evaluar y reflexionar sobre su práctica, así como sobre los resultados que han obtenido hasta ahora con las estrategias vigentes y en un futuro próximo incentivarlos a probar nuevos métodos que promuevan su creatividad en los espacios académicos; principalmente, comprender que este abanico de posibilidades permitirá dinamizar la interacción del grupo, y promover el desarrollo de habilidades interpersonales y de comunicación para la conformación de una comunidad educativa que facilite la formación integral de los futuros profesionales de la salud.

          Translated abstract

          In this review, cognitive skills are presented as the objective of active learning and each of the didactic strategies that facilitate their achievement are briefly explained. As teachers our role is being a disciplinary expert, and to promote the competencies of Health Sciences (HS) in the students. To achieve this, we can rationally incorporate each of the strategies presented in this article to our didactic portfolio without losing sight of the result of learning, competence, or ability that we want our students to achieve. This document seeks to be a cognitive dissonance for HS teachers, inviting them to deepen, evaluate and reflect on their practice, as well as on the results they have obtained to date with current strategies and in the near future encourage them to try new methods that trigger their creativity in academic spaces. Above all, understanding that this range of possibilities will make it possible to stimulate group interaction, promote the development of interpersonal and communication skills for the formation of an educational community that facilitates the comprehensive training of future health professionals.

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          Most cited references35

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          The effectiveness of case-based learning in health professional education. A BEME systematic review: BEME Guide No. 23.

          Case-based learning (CBL) is a long established pedagogical method, which is defined in a number of ways depending on the discipline and type of 'case' employed. In health professional education, learning activities are commonly based on patient cases. Basic, social and clinical sciences are studied in relation to the case, are integrated with clinical presentations and conditions (including health and ill-health) and student learning is, therefore, associated with real-life situations. Although many claims are made for CBL as an effective learning and teaching method, very little evidence is quoted or generated to support these claims. We frame this review from the perspective of CBL as a type of inquiry-based learning. To explore, analyse and synthesise the evidence relating to the effectiveness of CBL as a means of achieving defined learning outcomes in health professional prequalification training programmes. We focused the review on CBL for prequalification health professional programmes including medicine, dentistry, veterinary science, nursing and midwifery, social care and the allied health professions (physiotherapy, occupational therapy, etc.). Papers were required to have outcome data on effectiveness. The search covered the period from 1965 to week 4 September 2010 and the following databases: ASSIA, CINAHL, EMBASE, Education Research, Medline and Web of Knowledge (WoK). Two members of the topic review group (TRG) independently reviewed the 173 abstracts retrieved from Medline and compared findings. As there was good agreement on inclusion, one went onto review the WoK and ASSIA EndNote databases and the other the Embase, CINAHL and Education Research databases to decide on papers to submit for coding. Coding and data analysis: The TRG modified the standard best evidence medical education coding sheet to fit our research questions and assessed each paper for quality. After a preliminary reliability exercise, each full paper was read and graded by one reviewer with the papers scoring 3-5 (of 5) for strength of findings being read by a second reviewer. A summary of each completed coding form was entered into an Excel spread sheet. The type of data in the papers was not amenable to traditional meta-analysis because of the variability in interventions, information given, student numbers (and lack of) and timings. We, therefore, adopted a narrative synthesis method to compare, contrast, synthesise and interpret the data, working within a framework of inquiry-based learning. The final number of coded papers for inclusion was 104. The TRG agreed that 23 papers would be classified as of higher quality and significance (22%). There was a wide diversity in the type, timing, number and length of exposure to cases and how cases were defined. Medicine was the most commonly included profession. Numbers of students taking part in CBL varied from below 50 to over 1000. The shortest interventions were two hours, and one case, whereas the longest was CBL through a whole year. Group sizes ranged from students working alone to over 30, with the majority between 2 and 15 students per group. The majority of studies involved single cohorts of students (61%), with 29% comparing multiple groups, 8% involving different year groups and 2% with historical controls. The outcomes evaluation was either carried out postintervention only (78 papers; 75%), preintervention and postintervention (23 papers; 22%) or during and postintervention (3 papers; <3%). Our analysis provided the basis for discussion of definitions of CBL, methods used and advocated, topics and learning outcomes and whether CBL is effective based on the evaluation data. Overwhelmingly, students enjoy CBL and think that it enhances their learning. The empirical data taken as a whole are inconclusive as to the effects on learning compared with other types of activity. Teachers enjoy CBL, partly because it engages, and is perceived to motivate, students. CBL seems to foster learning in small groups though whether this is the case delivery or the group learning effect is unclear.
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            Project-Based Learning for the 21st Century: Skills for the Future

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              Inquiry-based and research-based laboratory pedagogies in undergraduate science.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                fem
                FEM: Revista de la Fundación Educación Médica
                FEM (Ed. impresa)
                Fundación Educación Médica y Viguera Editores, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                2014-9832
                2014-9840
                2021
                : 24
                : 6
                : 283-290
                Affiliations
                [1] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Informática Biomédica Mexico
                [2] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Integración de Ciencias Médicas Mexico
                Article
                S2014-98322021000600283 S2014-9832(21)02400600283
                10.33588/fem.246.1153
                faa109f7-028d-470c-841a-127da289ac31

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 April 2021
                : 22 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Spain

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                Active learning,Habilidades de pensamiento,Estrategias de aprendizaje,Educación basada en competencias,Aprendizaje situado,Aprendizaje experiencial,Aprendizaje activo,Thinking skills,Situated learning,Learning strategies,Experiential learning,Competency based education

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