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      Temporal Context Influences the Perceived Duration of Everyday Actions: Assessing the Ecological Validity of Lab-Based Timing Phenomena

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          Abstract

          Timing is key to accurate performance, for example when learning a new complex sequence by mimicry. However, most timing research utilizes artificial tasks and simple stimuli with clearly marked onset and offset cues. Here we address the question whether existing interval timing findings generalize to real-world timing tasks. In this study, animated video clips of a person performing different everyday actions were presented and participants had to reproduce the main action’s duration. Although reproduced durations are more variable then observed in laboratory studies, the data adheres to two interval timing laws: Relative timing sensitivity is constant across durations ( scalar property), and the subjective duration of a previous action influenced the current action’s perceived duration ( temporal context effect). Taken together, this demonstrates that laboratory findings generalize, and paves the way for studying interval timing as a component of complex, everyday cognitive performance.

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          Most cited references28

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          Temporal context calibrates interval timing

          We use our sense of time to identify temporal relationships between events and to anticipate actions. How well we can exploit temporal contingencies depends on the variability of our measurements of time. We asked humans to reproduce time intervals drawn from different underlying distributions. As expected, production times were more variable for longer intervals. Surprisingly however, production times exhibited a systematic regression towards the mean. Consequently, estimates for a sample interval differed depending on the distribution from which it was drawn. A performance-optimizing Bayesian model that takes the underlying distribution of samples into account provided an accurate description of subjects’ performance, variability and bias. This finding suggests that the central nervous system incorporates knowledge about temporal uncertainty to adapt internal timing mechanisms to the temporal statistics of the environment.
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            Properties of the internal clock: first- and second-order principles of subjective time.

            Humans share with other animals an ability to measure the passage of physical time and subjectively experience a sense of time passing. Subjective time has hallmark qualities, akin to other senses, which can be accounted for by formal, psychological, and neurobiological models of the internal clock. These include first-order principles, such as changes in clock speed and how temporal memories are stored, and second-order principles, including timescale invariance, multisensory integration, rhythmical structure, and attentional time-sharing. Within these principles there are both typical individual differences--influences of emotionality, thought speed, and psychoactive drugs--and atypical differences in individuals affected with certain clinical disorders (e.g., autism, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia). This review summarizes recent behavioral and neurobiological findings and provides a theoretical framework for considering how changes in the properties of the internal clock impact time perception and other psychological domains.
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              Human time perception and its illusions.

              Why does a clock sometimes appear stopped? Is it possible to perceive the world in slow motion during a car accident? Can action and effect be reversed? Time perception is surprisingly prone to measurable distortions and illusions. The past few years have introduced remarkable progress in identifying and quantifying temporal illusions of duration, temporal order, and simultaneity. For example, perceived durations can be distorted by saccades, by an oddball in a sequence, or by stimulus complexity or magnitude. Temporal order judgments of actions and sensations can be reversed by the exposure to delayed motor consequences, and simultaneity judgments can be manipulated by repeated exposure to nonsimultaneous stimuli. The confederacy of recently discovered illusions points to the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Cogn
                J Cogn
                2514-4820
                Journal of Cognition
                Ubiquity Press
                2514-4820
                09 January 2018
                2018
                : 2
                : 1
                : 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, NL
                [2 ]Institute for Anthropomatics and Robotics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GE
                Author notes
                Corresponding authors: Nadine Schlichting ( n.schlichting@ 123456rug.nl ), Hedderik van Rijn ( hedderik@ 123456van-rijn.org )
                Article
                10.5334/joc.4
                6646943
                fadd1bed-d9a3-4a44-8cca-6ad23db6bef4
                Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s)

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 26 October 2017
                : 20 November 2017
                Funding
                This research has been partially supported by the EU Horizon 2020 FET Proactive grant TIMESTORM – Mind and Time: Investigation of the Temporal Traits of Human-Machine Convergence (grant no. 641100). The funding agency had no involvement in the design of the study, the analysis of the data, writing of the report, or in the decision to submit the article for publication.
                Categories
                Research Article

                time perception,memory,event cognition
                time perception, memory, event cognition

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